{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:34:29Z","timestamp":1769841269635,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T12:51:14Z","timestamp":1638535874000},"page":"104707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A vented corn starch dust explosion in an 11.5\u00a0m3 vessel: Experimental and numerical study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Bloching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrei N.","family":"Lipatnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.06.118","article-title":"Experimental study of spherical-flame acceleration mechanisms in large-scale propane\u2013air flames","volume":"35","author":"Bauwens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.9-1043","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study of methane-air deflagrations in a vented enclosure","volume":"9","author":"Bauwens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fire Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2010.04.005","article-title":"Vented explosion overpressures from combustion of hydrogen and hydrocarbon mixtures","volume":"36","author":"Bauwens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3567","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.1999.0510","article-title":"Instabilities and flame speeds in large-scale premixed gaseous explosions","volume":"357","author":"Bradley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(89)80190-0","article-title":"Burning rates in turbulent fine dust-air explosions","volume":"22","author":"Bradley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-2180(00)00208-X","article-title":"Flame acceleration due to flame-induced instabilities in large-scale explosions","volume":"124","author":"Bradley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(77)90053-4","article-title":"A unified statistical model of the premixed turbulent flame","volume":"4","author":"Bray","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(95)00001-M","article-title":"Modeling variable density effects in turbulent flames\u2014some basic considerations","volume":"102","author":"Chomiak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-4230(03)00073-1","article-title":"On the determination of the laminar burning velocity from closed vessel gas explosions","volume":"16","author":"Dahoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(01)00419-3","article-title":"Determination of the laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length of powder\u2013air flames","volume":"122","author":"Dahoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1692845","article-title":"Transport equations in turbulence","volume":"13","author":"Daly","year":"1970","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib12","series-title":"Dust Explosions in the Process Industries: Identification, Assessment and Control of Dust Hazards","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2020.104225","article-title":"Fighting dust explosion hazards in the process industries","volume":"67","author":"Eckhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2514\/3.48086","article-title":"K-epsilon equation for compressible reciprocating engine flows","volume":"7","author":"El Tahry","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib15","series-title":"Dust Explosion Venting Protective Systems","author":"EN14491","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib16","series-title":"Gas Explosion Venting Protective Systems","author":"EN 14994","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00755496","article-title":"Self-similar propagation of a free turbulent flame in mixed gas mixtures","volume":"24","author":"Gostintsev","year":"1988","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib18","first-page":"282","article-title":"Self-turbulization of gas flames: an analysis of experimental results","volume":"37","author":"Gostintsev","year":"1999","journal-title":"High Temp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib19","series-title":"Correlations of laminar combustion data for alternative SI engine fuels","author":"G\u00fclder","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib20","series-title":"29th AIAA, Fluid Dynamics Conference","first-page":"2554","article-title":"Some improvements in Menter's k-omega SST turbulence model","author":"Hellsten","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib21","series-title":"Turbulence","author":"Hinze","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2020.104237","article-title":"Unsteady 3-D RANS simulations of dust explosion in a fan stirred explosion vessel using an open source code","volume":"67","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2015.1083988","article-title":"Application of flame speed closure model to RANS simulations of stratified turbulent combustion in a gasoline direct-injection spark-ignition engine","volume":"188","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-4548(74)90150-7","article-title":"Application of the energy-dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc","volume":"1","author":"Launder","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lett. Heat Mass Tran."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib25","series-title":"Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence","author":"Launder","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib26","series-title":"Numerical Prediction of Flow, Heat Transfer, Turbulence and Combustion","first-page":"96","article-title":"The numerical computation of turbulent flows","author":"Launder","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2020.05.117","article-title":"CFD analysis and experimental study on the effect of oxygen level, particle size, and dust concentration on the flame evolution characteristics and explosion severity of cornstarch dust cloud deflagration in a spherical chamber","volume":"372","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.2514\/3.60770","article-title":"Variable density effects in premixed turbulent flames","volume":"15","author":"Libby","year":"1977","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib29","series-title":"Fundamentals of Premixed Turbulent Combustion","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib30","series-title":"Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Combustion","first-page":"181","article-title":"RANS simulations of premixed turbulent flames","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib31","first-page":"2441","article-title":"A simple model of unsteady yurbulent flame propagation","volume":"106","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"1997","journal-title":"SAE Trans., Sect. 3, J. Engines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1285(01)00007-7","article-title":"Turbulent flame speed and thickness: phenomenology, evaluation, and application in multi-dimensional simulations","volume":"28","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/00102200490256135","article-title":"Application of the Markstein number concept to curved turbulent flames","volume":"176","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2006.07.015","article-title":"Global stretch effects in premixed turbulent combustion","volume":"31","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2009.07.001","article-title":"Effects of premixed flames on turbulence and turbulent scalar transport","volume":"36","author":"Lipatnikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(77)80366-4","article-title":"On mathematical modeling of turbulent combustion with special emphasis on soot formation and combustion","volume":"16","author":"Magnussen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib37","series-title":"16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering","first-page":"650","article-title":"Elements of industrial heat transfer predictions","author":"Menter","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib38","first-page":"625","article-title":"Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model","volume":"4","author":"Menter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turbulence, Heat Mass Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib39","series-title":"NFPA 68 Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting","author":"NFPA68","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib40","series-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Flame speed measurements in dust explosions","author":"Phylaktou","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2020.07.016","article-title":"Analysis of the explosion behaviour of wheat starch\/pyrolysis gases hybrid mixtures through experimentation and CFD-DPM simulations","volume":"374","author":"Pico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib42","series-title":"5. International Colloquium on Dust Explosions","first-page":"161","article-title":"Experimental determination of the maximum flame temperatures and of the laminar burning velocities for some combustible dust-air mixtures","author":"Proust","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010816-060104","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding of thermal expansion effects in premixed turbulent flames","volume":"49","author":"Sabelnikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib44","first-page":"11442","article-title":"A new k-epsilon eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows: model development and validation","volume":"95","author":"Shih","year":"1994","journal-title":"NASA Sti\/recon Tech. Rep. N"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7930(94)00032-T","article-title":"A new k-epsilon eddy-viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows-model development and validation","volume":"24","author":"Shih","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Fluid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2007.04.017","article-title":"Review of the DESC project","volume":"20","author":"Skjold","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.11-1469","article-title":"Simulating vented maize starch explosions in a 236 m3 silo","volume":"11","author":"Skjold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fire Saf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib48","series-title":"Flame Propagation in Dust Clouds. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation, PhD Thesis","author":"Skjold","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2005.06.005","article-title":"Simulation of dust explosions in complex geometries with experimental input from standardized tests","volume":"19","author":"Skjold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1205\/psep.04237","article-title":"Simulating dust explosions with the first version of DESC","volume":"83","author":"Skjold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Protect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0082-0784(71)80067-X","article-title":"Mixing and chemical reaction in steady confined turbulent flames","volume":"13","author":"Spalding","year":"1971","journal-title":"Symp. Combust. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112091000101","article-title":"Modelling the pressure\u2013strain correlation of turbulence: an invariant dynamical systems approach","volume":"227","author":"Speziale","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/star.200300209","article-title":"Estimating the specific heat capacity of starch\u2010water\u2010glycerol systems as a function of temperature and compositions","volume":"56","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Starch Staerke"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib54","first-page":"196","article-title":"Diffusion by continuous movements","volume":"2","author":"Taylor","year":"1921","journal-title":"Proc. London Math. Soc., Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib55","first-page":"421","article-title":"Statistical theory of turbulence. IV. Diffusion in a turbulent air stream","volume":"A151","author":"Taylor","year":"1935","journal-title":"Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2017.10.014","article-title":"Numerical simulations of vented hydrogen deflagration in a medium-scale enclosure","volume":"52","author":"Tolias","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib57","first-page":"553","article-title":"Measurements of the laminar burning velocities in dust-air mixtures","volume":"1272","author":"Van Wingerden","year":"1996","journal-title":"VDI-Ber."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib58","series-title":"Guideline VDI 3673 Part 1: Pressure Release of Dust Explosions","author":"VDI3673","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib59","series-title":"Turbulence Modeling for CFD","author":"Wilcox","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1063\/1.858424","article-title":"Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique","volume":"4","author":"Yakhot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Fluid. Fluid Dynam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00785062","article-title":"Theory of turbulent combustion of a homogeneous fuel mixture at high Reynolds number","volume":"15","author":"Zimont","year":"1979","journal-title":"Combust. Explos. Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-1777(99)00069-2","article-title":"Gas premixed combustion at high turbulence. Turbulent flame closure combustion model","volume":"21","author":"Zimont","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950423021003120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950423021003120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T03:18:27Z","timestamp":1760584707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0950423021003120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0950423021003120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-4230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-4230","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A vented corn starch dust explosion in an 11.5\u00a0m3 vessel: Experimental and numerical study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jlp.2021.104707","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104707"}}