{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:36:48Z","timestamp":1777635408438,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,28]],"date-time":"2019-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T22:11:09Z","timestamp":1563487869000},"page":"161-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The influence of gap size on the development of fracture union with a micro external fixator"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Meeson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehran","family":"Moazen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Sanghani-Kerai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Osagie-Clouard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Coathup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Blunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060120","article-title":"Mechanical stresses and endochondral ossification in the chondroepiphysis","volume":"6","author":"Carter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150414","article-title":"Influence of size and stability of the osteotomy gap on the success of fracture healing","volume":"15","author":"Claes","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-003-0396-0","article-title":"The fracture gap size influences the local vascularization and tissue differentiation in callus healing","volume":"388","author":"Claes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langenbeck's Arch. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00153-5","article-title":"Magnitudes of local stress and strain along bony surfaces predict the course and type of fracture healing","volume":"32","author":"Claes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)99799-8","article-title":"Effect of dynamization on gap healing of diaphyseal fractures under external fixation","volume":"10","author":"Claes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(95)00072-Q","article-title":"Differential fore- and hindpaw force transmission in the walking rat","volume":"58","author":"Clarke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.06.016","article-title":"The role of interfragmentary strain on the rate of bone healing\u2014a new interpretation and mathematical model","volume":"43","author":"Comiskey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B7.36061","article-title":"A unified theory of bone healing and nonunion: BHN theory","volume":"98\u2013B","author":"Elliott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Joint Lett. J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v026a01","article-title":"Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review","volume":"26","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cells Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib10","article-title":"Adjustable stiffness, external fixator for the rat femur osteotomy and segmental bone defect models","volume":"92","author":"Glatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200301000-00003","article-title":"Controlled induction of a pseudarthrosis: a study using a rodent model","volume":"17","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib12","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells with increased SDF-1 expression enhanced fracture healing","volume":"140924064904001","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198904000-00006","article-title":"Controlled mechanical stimulation in the treatment of tibial fractures","author":"Kenwright","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.2005.11.1727","article-title":"Use of mesenchymal stem cells to facilitate bone regeneration in normal and chemotherapy-treated rats","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-010-1155-7","article-title":"A 5-mm femoral defect in female but not in male rats leads to a reproducible atrophic non-union","volume":"131","author":"Mehta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.94B7.27370","article-title":"In vivo models of bone repair","volume":"94","author":"Mills","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery, Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib17","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, M.E., Allg\u00f6wer, M., Schneider, R., Willenegger, H., 1979. No Title, springer.com. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2015\/002","article-title":"Fracture healing: fracture healing understood as the result of a fascinating cascade of physical and biological interactions. Part II","volume":"82","author":"Perren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Orthop. Traumatol. Cech."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24034","article-title":"Biomechanics of two external fixator devices used in rat femoral fractures","volume":"37","author":"Osagie-Clouard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib20","first-page":"175","article-title":"Physical and biological aspects of fracture healing with special reference to internal fixation","author":"Perren","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(96)00140-6","article-title":"ESB Research Award 1996. Biophysical stimuli on cells during tissue differentiation at implant interfaces","volume":"30","author":"Prendergast","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00142-5","article-title":"Human atrophic fracture non-unions are not avascular","volume":"20","author":"Reed","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B4.12944","article-title":"Vascularity in a new model of atrophic nonunion","volume":"85","author":"Reed","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540305100312","article-title":"Temporal analysis of rat growth plates: cessation of growth with age despite presence of a physis","volume":"51","author":"Roach","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198604000-00036","article-title":"The critical size defect as an experimental model for craniomandibulofacial nonunions","author":"Schmitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22619","article-title":"Low dose of propranolol does not affect rat osteotomy healing and callus strength","volume":"32","author":"Smitham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101370","article-title":"Numerical simulation of callus healing for optimization of fracture fixation stiffness","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.06.009","article-title":"A new device to control mechanical environment in bone defect healing in rats","volume":"41","author":"Strube","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115695","article-title":"Prediction of the time course of callus stiffness as a function of mechanical parameters in experimental rat fracture healing studies - a numerical study","volume":"9","author":"Wehner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616119303625?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616119303625?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T22:28:59Z","timestamp":1761690539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1751616119303625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S1751616119303625"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-6161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-6161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The influence of gap size on the development of fracture union with a micro external fixator","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}