{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T10:18:48Z","timestamp":1786357128610,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3AR076723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3AR076723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T15:18:26Z","timestamp":1755098306000},"page":"107161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Experimentally measured lumbar skin strains during functional movements"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8110-0769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"McMullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darian","family":"Emmett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2298-8756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike H.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Fullwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton E.","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-018-1843-y","article-title":"Implementation and validation of constitutive relations for human dermis mechanical response","volume":"56","author":"Aldieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504755","article-title":"Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: a review","author":"Amjadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5239","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145239","article-title":"Accounting for viscoelasticity when interpreting nano-composite high-deflection strain gauges","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnad017","article-title":"Wearable nanocomposite sensor system for motion phenotyping chronic low back pain: a BACPAC technology research site","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4040250","article-title":"Design of semirigid wearable devices based on skin strain analysis","volume":"141","author":"Barrios-Muriel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.11.025","article-title":"Spine postural change elicits localized skin structural deformation of the trunk dorsum in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Beaudette","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8819","DOI":"10.1021\/nn503454h","article-title":"Sensitive, high-strain, high-rate bodily motion sensors based on graphene-rubber composites","author":"Boland","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053366","article-title":"Compensating for soft-tissue artifact using the orientation of distal limb segments during electromagnetic motion capture of the upper limb","volume":"144","author":"Bons","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175761","article-title":"Skin strain analysis of the scapular region and wearables design","volume":"21","author":"Carnevale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib10","series-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions On, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.","first-page":"2828","article-title":"Wearable sensor array design for spine posture monitoring during exercise incorporating biofeedback","author":"Caviedes","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib11","series-title":"Modeling Piezoresistive Effects in Flexible Sensors","author":"Clayton","year":"2019"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050135","article-title":"Velocity of lordosis angle during spinal flexion and extension","volume":"7","author":"Consmuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105779","article-title":"Anisotropic mechanical characterization of human skin by in vivo multi-axial ring suction test","volume":"141","author":"Elouneg","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib14","series-title":"Shear Stresses on Skin Adhered Wearables due to Lumbar Skin Strain During Flexion","author":"Gibbons","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.08.010","article-title":"Lumbar spine kinematics during walking in people with and people without low back pain","author":"Gombatto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19700","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b05001","article-title":"Tattoolike polyaniline microparticle-doped gold nanowire patches as highly durable wearable sensors","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2023.02.020","article-title":"Spine patient care with wearable medical technology: State-Of-The-Art, opportunities, and challenges: a systematic review","author":"Haddas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25020","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c04857","article-title":"Printed, soft, nanostructured strain sensors for monitoring of structural health and human physiology","volume":"12","author":"Herbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01835","article-title":"Transparent stretchable self-powered patchable sensor platform with ultrasensitive recognition of human activities","author":"Hwang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.12.009","article-title":"Dynamic measurement of surface strain distribution on the foot during walking","volume":"69","author":"Ito","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(78)90003-6","article-title":"On the anatomy and physiology of the skin: I. The cleavability of the cutis","volume":"31","author":"Langer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000438462.13840.21","article-title":"The direction of optimal skin incisions derived from striae distensae","volume":"134","author":"Lemperle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.18.00331","article-title":"Minimal scar formation after orthopaedic skin incisions along main folding lines","volume":"101","author":"Lemperle","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14121","article-title":"Hypertrophic scars and keloids: overview of the evidence and practical guide for differentiating between these abnormal scars","volume":"30","author":"Limandjaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2626442","article-title":"Low-cost methodology for skin strain measurement of a flexed biological limb","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.05.035","article-title":"In vivo measurement of skin surface strain and sub-surface layer deformation induced by natural tissue stretching","volume":"62","author":"Maiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib27","author":"Martineau"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199511001-00009","article-title":"Motion characteristics of the lumbar spine in the normal population","volume":"20","author":"McGregor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1209472","article-title":"Dynamic segmental kinematics of the lumbar spine during diagnostic movements","volume":"11","author":"McMullin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2008.04.037","article-title":"Skin distraction at select landmarks on the spine midline in the upright and fully flexed postures","volume":"14","author":"Moga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.08.016","article-title":"Characterization of the anisotropic mechanical properties of excised human skin","volume":"5","author":"Ni Annaidh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.05.020","article-title":"Keloid and hypertrophic scarring May result from a mechanoreceptor or mechanosensitive nociceptor disorder","volume":"71","author":"Ogawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.10.006","article-title":"Strain rate and anisotropy effects on the tensile failure characteristics of human skin","volume":"41","author":"Ottenio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib34","article-title":"Is there evidence to use kinematic\/kinetic measures clinically in low back pain patients? A systematic review","volume":"53\u201364","author":"Papi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. BioMech."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2018.0038","article-title":"Biodynamic excisional skin tension lines for surgical excisions: untangling the science","volume":"100","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.01.026","article-title":"Constitutive description of skin dermis: through analytical continuum and coarse-grained approaches for multi-scale understanding","volume":"106","author":"Pissarenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(95)90856-7","article-title":"Two-dimensional elastic properties of human skin in terms of an incremental model at the in vivo configuration","volume":"17","author":"Reihsner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1101","article-title":"Measuring movement at the low back","volume":"15","author":"Rice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3588-0","article-title":"Measurement of the number of lumbar spinal movements in the sagittal plane in a 24-hour period","volume":"23","author":"Rohlmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.12.005","article-title":"Non-specific chronic low back pain elicits kinematic and neuromuscular changes in walking and gait termination","volume":"84","author":"Rum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib41","series-title":"Continuum Mechanics","author":"Spencer","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198705000-00009","article-title":"Back surface curvature and measurement of lumbar spinal motion","volume":"12","author":"Stokes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2215859","article-title":"Dynamic understanding of human-skin movement and strain-field analysis","volume":"59","author":"Wessendorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201103406","article-title":"High-strain sensors based on ZnO nanowire\/polystyrene hybridized flexible films","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.27.3.258","article-title":"Can the effect of soft tissue artifact be eliminated in upper-arm internal-external rotation?","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616125002772?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616125002772?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:26:55Z","timestamp":1769704015000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1751616125002772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1751616125002772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-6161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-6161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Experimentally measured lumbar skin strains during functional movements","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107161","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107161"}}