{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T09:47:37Z","timestamp":1787996857454,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005192","name":"Danmarks Tekniske Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T23:49:17Z","timestamp":1756856957000},"page":"107186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The influence of autoinjector applied force and shield size on abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue deformation \u2013 An in-vivo ultrasound and digital image correlation study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"172","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4267-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Sofie Madsen","family":"Staples","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7101-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Bo","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyre","family":"Azcarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7090-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie Sand","family":"Traberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2009.10.006","article-title":"Measurement and characterization of soft tissue behavior with surface deformation and force response under large deformations","volume":"14","author":"Ahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-020-02906-9","article-title":"Tissue resistance during large-volume injections in subcutaneous tissue of minipigs","volume":"37","author":"Allmendinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2023.02.003","article-title":"A review of the characterizations of soft tissues used in human body modeling: scope, limitations, and the path forward","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Viabil. Soc."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14789","article-title":"Ultrasonography technique in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue measurement: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Azzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-024-03477-1","article-title":"Poroelastic characterization and modeling of subcutaneous tissue under confined compression","volume":"52","author":"Barsimantov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S13132","article-title":"Evaluation of performance, safety, subject acceptance, and compliance of a disposable autoinjector for subcutaneous injections in healthy volunteers","volume":"4","author":"Berteau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(1998110)15:11<965::AID-DIA691>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Cutis\/subcutis thickness at insulin injection sites and localization of simulated insulin boluses in children with type I diabetes mellitus: need for individualization of injection technique?","volume":"15","author":"Birkebaek","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.01.049","article-title":"Prestress as an optimal biomechanical parameter for needle penetration","volume":"45","author":"Butz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2018.02.013","article-title":"Comparison of different constitutive models to characterize the viscoelastic properties of human abdominal adipose tissue. A pilot study","author":"Calvo-Gallego","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib10","series-title":"The Mechanical Properties of Adipose Tissue","author":"Comley","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib11","first-page":"1","article-title":"The mechanical response of porcine adipose tissue","author":"Comley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2010.07.001","article-title":"A micromechanical model for the Young's modulus of adipose tissue","volume":"47","author":"Comley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Solid Struct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2011.12.009","article-title":"The compressive response of porcine adipose tissue from low to high strain rate","volume":"46","author":"Comley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-023-01746-x","article-title":"Computational modeling of the effect of skin pinch and stretch on subcutaneous injection of monoclonal antibodies using autoinjector devices","author":"de Lucio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"issue":"Feb","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib15","article-title":"Modeling large-volume subcutaneous injection of monoclonal antibodies with anisotropic porohyperelastic models and data-driven tissue layer geometries","volume":"138","author":"de Lucio","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.06.010","article-title":"New insulin delivery recommendations","volume":"91","author":"Frid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.05.014","article-title":"A novel method for visualising and quantifying through-plane skin layer deformations","volume":"14","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.481203","article-title":"Skin and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness in adults with diabetes at sites used for insulin injections: implications for needle length recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Gibney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.481203","article-title":"Skin and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness in adults with diabetes at sites used for insulin injections: implications for needle length recommendations","volume":"26","author":"Gibney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib20","first-page":"140","article-title":"An ergonomic, instrumented ultrasound probe for 6-axis force\/torque measurement","volume":"2013","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2013"},{"issue":"118","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biomechanical characterization of human soft tissues using indentation and tensile testing","volume":"2016","author":"Griffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JoVE J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0111","article-title":"Intramuscular risk at insulin injection sites\u2014measurement of the distance from skin to muscle and rationale for shorter-length needles for subcutaneous insulin therapy","volume":"16","author":"Hirsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Therapeut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12125","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analysis of soft tissue stiffness measurement using manual indentation device - significance of indentation geometry and soft tissue thickness","volume":"20","author":"Iivarinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S85938","article-title":"Usability of a new disposable autoinjector platform device: results of a formative study conducted with a broad user population","volume":"8","author":"Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Dev. Evid. Res."},{"issue":"2203","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170257","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2017.0257","article-title":"Mathematical and computational modelling of skin biophysics: a review","volume":"473","author":"Limbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.05.035","article-title":"In vivo measurement of skin surface strain and sub-surface layer deformation induced by natural tissue stretching","volume":"62","author":"Maiti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(02)00090-8","article-title":"Material properties of the human calcaneal fat pad in compression: experiment and theory","volume":"35","author":"Miller-Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.02.016","article-title":"Digital image correlation and finite element modelling as a method to determine mechanical properties of human soft tissue in vivo","volume":"42","author":"Moerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib29","series-title":"Mechanical Modeling and Characterization of Human Skin: a Review","author":"Mostafavi Yazdi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092232","article-title":"Body composition in sport: a comparison of a novel ultrasound imaging technique to measure subcutaneous fat tissue compared with skinfold measurement","volume":"47","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095641","article-title":"Subcutaneous fat patterning in athletes: selection of appropriate sites and standardisation of a novel ultrasound measurement technique: ad hoc working group on body composition, health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC medical Commission","volume":"50","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"Sep","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib32","article-title":"Data descriptor: reference data on thickness and mechanics of tissue layers and anthropometry of musculoskeletal extremities","volume":"5","author":"Neumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"Oct","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib33","article-title":"Regional variations of in vivo surface stiffness of soft tissue layers of musculoskeletal extremities","volume":"95","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib34","series-title":"Skin Mechanics","author":"Oomens","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.06.011","article-title":"In vivo measurements of the elastic mechanical properties of human skin by indentation tests","volume":"30","author":"Pailler-Mattei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib36","series-title":"Age-Dependent Biomechanical Properties of the Skin","author":"Pawlaczyk","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.11.032","article-title":"Instrumentation of off-the-shelf ultrasound system for measurement of probe forces during freehand imaging","volume":"83","author":"Schimmoeller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2895283","article-title":"A framework for measuring the time-varying shape and full-field deformation of residual limbs using 3-D digital image correlation","volume":"66","author":"Solav","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2013.06.011","article-title":"Multiaxial mechanical properties and constitutive modeling of human adipose tissue: a basis for preoperative simulations in plastic and reconstructive surgery","volume":"9","author":"Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000283","article-title":"Epinephrine auto-injector needle length: what is the ideal length?","volume":"16","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.110995","article-title":"The biomechanics of autoinjector-skin interactions during dynamic needle insertion","volume":"134","author":"Sree","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib42","article-title":"Novel robust needle tip design enables needle reuse and reduced skin trauma in combination with autoinjector needle shields","author":"Staples","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib43","article-title":"The needle shield size and applied force of subcutaneous autoinjectors significantly influence the injection depth","author":"Staples","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S170636","article-title":"Comparison between prefilled syringe and autoinjector devices on patient-reported experiences and pharmacokinetics in galcanezumab studies","volume":"12","author":"Stauffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.09.014","article-title":"Standardized ultrasound measurement of subcutaneous fat patterning: high reliability and accuracy in groups ranging from lean to obese","volume":"43","author":"St\u00f6rchle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34213-0","article-title":"Measurement of mean subcutaneous fat thickness: eight standardised ultrasound sites compared to 216 randomly selected sites","volume":"8","author":"St\u00f6rchle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib47","series-title":"Technical Considerations for Accurate Measurement of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Thickness Using B-mode Ultrasound","first-page":"91","author":"Toomey","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12444","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of a hand-held in vivo skin indentation device to assess skin elasticity","volume":"40","author":"Vir\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2007.00182.x","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of the nonlinear-elastic properties of skin and subcutaneous tissue in unconfined compression tests","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616125003029?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616125003029?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:24:48Z","timestamp":1769703888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1751616125003029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S1751616125003029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-6161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-6161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The influence of autoinjector applied force and shield size on abdominal skin and subcutaneous tissue deformation \u2013 An in-vivo ultrasound and digital image correlation study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107186","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107186"}}