{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:58:55Z","timestamp":1789016335000,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015347","name":"State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12572155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12572155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:50:45Z","timestamp":1776441045000},"page":"107443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Transparent head surrogate for full-field in situ visualization of mechanical pathways of blast-induced brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxiang","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanhao","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2280-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-Lin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.01.024","article-title":"Viscoelasticity of tau proteins leads to strain rate-dependent breaking of microtubules during axonal stretch injury: predictions from a mathematical model","volume":"106","author":"Ahmadzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2025.107250","article-title":"Multimodal characterization of intracranial biomechanics in a 3D biofidelic head surrogate","volume":"173","author":"Alshareef","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib3","article-title":"Interface-driven human brain injury mechanisms in blast exposure: a fluid\u2013structure interaction model","volume":"27","author":"Amponsah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Nov. Technol. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-015-1583-3","article-title":"A physical head and neck surrogate model to investigate blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"40","author":"Awad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arabian J. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044926","article-title":"Protective headgear attenuates forces on the inner table and pressure in the brain parenchyma during blast and impact: an experimental study using a simulant-based surrogate model of the human head","volume":"142","author":"Azar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1324667","article-title":"Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury","volume":"122","author":"Bain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib7","first-page":"831","article-title":"The role of additive manufacturing in the development of a biofidelic instrumented human head surrogate for impact tests","volume":"5","author":"Baldoin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. AMMM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-021-01033-7","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of blast wave impact on a surrogate head model","volume":"31","author":"Banton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30550","article-title":"Strain and rate-dependent neuronal injury in a 3D in vitro compression model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Bar-Kochba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1970.tb05606.x","article-title":"The density of tissues in and about the head","volume":"46","author":"Barber","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1126\/science.319.5862.406","article-title":"Shell shock revisited: solving the puzzle of blast trauma","volume":"319","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84","article-title":"Traumatic brain injuries","volume":"2","author":"Blennow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brain.2021.100024","article-title":"A quantitative relationship between rotational head kinematics and brain tissue strain from a 2-D parametric finite element analysis","volume":"2","author":"Carlsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Multiphys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00100","article-title":"A modified controlled cortical impact technique to model mild traumatic brain injury mechanics in mice","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00323","article-title":"Role of interfacial conditions on blast overpressure propagation into the brain","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00221","article-title":"The complexity of biomechanics causing primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury: a review of potential mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Courtney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd8405","article-title":"Computational modeling investigation of pulsed high peak power microwaves and the potential for traumatic brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Dagro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-02982-5","article-title":"Revealing the effect of skull deformation on intracranial pressure variation during the direct interaction between blast wave and surrogate head","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.860112","article-title":"A finite element model of cerebral vascular injury for predicting microbleeds location","volume":"10","author":"Duckworth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038710","article-title":"Primary blast brain injury mechanisms: current knowledge, limitations, and future directions","volume":"140","author":"Fievisohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.8079","article-title":"Dynamic response due to behind helmet blunt trauma measured with a human head surrogate","volume":"11","author":"Freitas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-018-02161-5","article-title":"An analytical review of the numerical methods used for finite element modeling of traumatic brain injury","volume":"47","author":"Giudice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2224","article-title":"Investigation of cavitation as a possible damage mechanism in blast-induced traumatic brain injury","volume":"29","author":"Goeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-019-01273-8","article-title":"Embedded axonal fiber tracts improve finite element model predictions of traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Hajiaghamemar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib26","first-page":"650","article-title":"Anatomical features and material properties of human surrogate head models affect spatial and temporal brain motion under blunt impact","volume":"11","author":"Hanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4056547","article-title":"A method for evaluating brain deformation under sagittal blunt impacts using a half-skull human-scale surrogate","volume":"145","author":"Hanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib28","series-title":"Nonlinear Solid Mechanics: a Continuum Approach for Engineering Science","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4026156","article-title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanism of blast wave transmission through a surrogate head","volume":"9","author":"Hua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comput. Nonlinear Dynam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-017-0759-z","article-title":"The measurement of intracranial pressure and brain displacement due to short-duration dynamic overpressure loading","volume":"28","author":"Iwaskiw","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.3268","article-title":"Group-wise evaluation and comparison of white matter fiber strain and maximum principal strain in sports-related concussion","volume":"32","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s44341-025-00020-8","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of traumatic brain injury","volume":"2","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biol. Phys. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105210","article-title":"Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury","volume":"148","author":"Keating","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brain.2020.100015","article-title":"In vivo estimates of axonal stretch and 3D brain deformation during mild head impact","volume":"1","author":"Knutsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Multiphys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s42493-024-00111-z","article-title":"Dynamic similitude of human head surrogates","volume":"6","author":"Koster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Multiscale Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111845","article-title":"Side chains and the insufficient lubrication of water in polyacrylamide hydrogel \u2013 a new insight","volume":"11","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-020-01391-8","article-title":"An anatomically detailed and personalizable head injury model: significance of brain and white matter tract morphological variability on strain","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2022.109890","article-title":"Ballistic helmets: recent advances in materials, protection mechanisms, performance, and head injury mitigation","volume":"238","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4031095","article-title":"Modeling of advanced combat helmet under ballistic impact","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"ASME J. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03198-x","article-title":"Evaluating the intracranial pressure biofidelity and response repeatability of a physical head-brain model in frontal impacts","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105859","article-title":"Influence of surrogate scalp material and thickness on head impact responses: toward a biofidelic head-brain physical model","volume":"142","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112830","article-title":"Assessment model of blast injury: a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.08.036","article-title":"3-D volume rendering maxillofacial analysis of angular measurements by multislice CT","volume":"105","author":"Lopes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib44","series-title":"Proceedings of 2017 IRCOBI Conference","article-title":"Comparison of Hybrid III head response to shock tube and explosive blast loading","author":"Maach","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"21","author":"Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02205-4","article-title":"Finite element methods in human head impact simulations: a review","volume":"47","author":"Madhukar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jer.2024.02.016","article-title":"Development and biomechanical testing of full-scale human brain simulant","volume":"13","author":"Majumdar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eng. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(92)90231-O","article-title":"A proposed tolerance criterion for diffuse axonal injury in man","volume":"25","author":"Margulies","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(70)90059-X","article-title":"Mechanical properties of cranial bone","volume":"3","author":"McElhaney","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa9585","article-title":"Repetitive blast exposure in mice and combat veterans causes persistent cerebellar dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Meabon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1126\/science.336.6083.790","article-title":"Blast injuries linked to neurodegeneration in veterans","volume":"336","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.547655","article-title":"Localizing clinical patterns of blast traumatic brain injury through computational modeling and simulation","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-024-01158-5","article-title":"Bilayer surrogate brain response under various blast loading conditions","volume":"34","author":"Norris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Shock Waves"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014786107","article-title":"In silico investigation of intracranial blast mitigation with relevance to military traumatic brain injury","volume":"107","author":"Nyein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2014.02.003","article-title":"An efficient and accurate 3D displacements tracking strategy for digital volume correlation","volume":"58","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11340-023-01010-4","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the ballistic response of head surrogate against fragment simulating projectiles","volume":"64","author":"Pandey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mech."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0519-2","article-title":"Development of a finite element model for blast brain injury and the effects of CSF cavitation","volume":"40","author":"Panzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.05.015","article-title":"Feasibility of using a novel instrumented human head surrogate to measure helmet, head and brain kinematics and intracranial pressure during multidirectional impact tests","volume":"22","author":"Petrone","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2023.104653","article-title":"Experimental and numerical analyses of ballistic resistance evaluation of combat helmet using Hybrid III headform","volume":"179","author":"Rodriguez-Millan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70161-3","article-title":"Blast-related traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4600","article-title":"Experimental investigation of cavitation as a possible damage mechanism in blast-induced traumatic brain injury in post-mortem human subject heads","volume":"34","author":"Salzar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2025.2470338","article-title":"Brain injury metrics and their risk functions in frontal automotive collisions","volume":"26","author":"Sato","year":"2025","journal-title":"Traffic Inj. Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-021-01509-6","article-title":"Measurement of brain simulant strains in head surrogate under impact loading","volume":"20","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111347","article-title":"Investigation of role of falx and tentorium on brain simulant strain under impact loading","volume":"144","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4062968","article-title":"Biomechanical response of head surrogate with and without the helmet","volume":"146","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-11-04263.1999","article-title":"High tolerance and delayed elastic response of cultured axons to dynamic stretch injury","volume":"19","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840000600611","article-title":"Axonal damage in traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.744808","article-title":"Cerebral vasculature influences blast-induced biomechanical responses of human brain tissue","volume":"9","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-021-00847-x","article-title":"The importance of modeling the human cerebral vasculature in blunt trauma","volume":"20","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051047","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of head subjected to blast waves and the role of combat protective headgear under blast loading: a review","volume":"143","author":"Sundar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-019-02437-4","article-title":"Direct observation of low strain, high rate deformation of cultured brain tissue during primary blast","volume":"48","author":"Vogel III","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113264","article-title":"Computational study of human head response to primary blast waves of five levels from three directions","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124115","article-title":"Advance on blast-induced traumatic brain injury","volume":"199","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib74","first-page":"3867","article-title":"Intracranial pressure\u2014a brain injury criterion","volume":"89","author":"Ward","year":"1980","journal-title":"SAE Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib75","first-page":"233","article-title":"CT brain presciptions in talairach space: a new clinical standard","volume":"25","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adp9363","article-title":"A big bang theory of big brain trauma","volume":"385","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib77","article-title":"Intracranial pressure measurement under shock wave based on physical head surrogate","volume":"2478","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Phys., Conf. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3407","article-title":"Animal models of traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijimpeng.2021.104146","article-title":"Investigation of blast-induced cerebrospinal fluid cavitation: insights from a simplified head surrogate","volume":"162","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Impact Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.04.005","article-title":"The mechanical behavior of brain surrogates manufactured from silicone elastomers","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104513","article-title":"Deformation of an airfoil-shaped brain surrogate under shock wave loading","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1691446","article-title":"A proposed injury threshold for mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib83","article-title":"Targeting pyroptosis with nanoparticles to alleviate neuroinflammatory for preventing secondary damage following traumatic brain injury","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11090918","article-title":"An objective injury threshold for the maximum principal strain criterion for brain tissue in the finite element head model and its application","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5634","article-title":"White matter anisotropy for impact simulation and response sampling in traumatic brain injury","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.109732","article-title":"Incorporation of vasculature in a head injury model lowers local mechanical strains in dynamic impact","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2025.01.001","article-title":"Global burden of traumatic brain injury in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021","volume":"68","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-011-0314-2","article-title":"Using a gel\/plastic surrogate to study the biomechanical response of the head under air shock loading: a combined experimental and numerical investigation","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616126001128?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616126001128?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T19:20:17Z","timestamp":1781724017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1751616126001128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S1751616126001128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-6161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-6161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Transparent head surrogate for full-field in situ visualization of mechanical pathways of blast-induced brain injury","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107443","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107443"}}