{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:32:16Z","timestamp":1793136736409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000147","name":"National Science Foundation Division of Civil Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2347433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2347433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005848","name":"Henry Luce Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:12:29Z","timestamp":1788970349000},"page":"107634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Strain in the transverse plane of the patellar tendon depends on both local composition and structure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Rose","family":"Reohr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Blackmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Regehly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyali","family":"Latz-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isai","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Rosario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22639","article-title":"Temporal effect of in vivo tendon fatigue loading on the apoptotic response explained in the context of number of fatigue loading cycles and initial damage parameters: tendon fatigue damage and apoptosis","volume":"32","author":"Andarawis-Puri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib2","article-title":"A good practices guide for digital image correlation","author":"Bigger","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Digital Image Correlation Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2004.06.002","article-title":"Viscoelastic properties of the human medial collateral ligament under longitudinal, transverse and shear loading","volume":"23","author":"Bonifasi-Lista","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.07.004","article-title":"Strain-rate sensitivity of the lateral collateral ligament of the knee","volume":"41","author":"Bonner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90019-9","article-title":"Comparison of material properties in fascicle-bone units from human patellar tendon and knee ligaments","volume":"19","author":"Butler","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000147022","article-title":"Distribution of elastic system fibres in the rat tail tendon and its associated sheaths","volume":"139","author":"Caldini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197803000-00048","article-title":"Microstructural organization of human and bovine ligaments","volume":"131","author":"Danylchuk","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4053086","article-title":"The role of the non-collagenous extracellular matrix in tendon and ligament mechanical behavior: a review","volume":"144","author":"Eisner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.104156","article-title":"A biomechanical study of clamping technique on patellar tendon surface strain and material properties using digital image correlation","volume":"113","author":"Firminger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-9976-7","article-title":"Second harmonic generation imaging and fourier transform spectral analysis reveal damage in fatigue-loaded tendons","volume":"38","author":"Fung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20722","article-title":"Subrupture tendon fatigue damage","volume":"27","author":"Fung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.01.030","article-title":"Elastase treatment of tendon specifically impacts the mechanical properties of the interfascicular matrix","volume":"123","author":"Godinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09995-4","article-title":"Elastin is localised to the interfascicular matrix of energy storing tendons and becomes increasingly disorganised with ageing","volume":"7","author":"Godinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12048","article-title":"Elastic fibres are broadly distributed in tendon and highly localized around tenocytes","volume":"222","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22352","article-title":"Effect of elastin digestion on the quasi-static tensile response of medial collateral ligament: elastin mechanics in ligament","volume":"31","author":"Henninger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.07.011","article-title":"Elastin governs the mechanical response of medial collateral ligament under shear and transverse tensile loading","volume":"25","author":"Henninger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24695","article-title":"Elastic fibers in orthopedics: form and function in tendons and ligaments, clinical implications, and future directions","volume":"38","author":"Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.01.014","article-title":"Contributions of collagen and elastin to elastic behaviours of tendon fascicle","volume":"176","author":"Ishizaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2000.010006312.x","article-title":"Structure of the tendon connective tissue: Tendon connective tissue structure","volume":"10","author":"Kannus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/03008207809152283","article-title":"The multicomposite structure of tendon","volume":"6","author":"Kastelic","year":"1978","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12802","article-title":"Variations in internal structure, composition and protein distribution between intra\u2010 and extra\u2010articular knee ligaments and tendons","volume":"232","author":"Kharaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.09.056","article-title":"Collagen denaturation is initiated upon tissue yield in both positional and energy-storing tendons","volume":"118","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.018","article-title":"Collagen fibrils from both positional and energy-storing tendons exhibit increased amounts of denatured collagen when stretched beyond the yield point","volume":"155","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.002","article-title":"A method for defining tissue injury criteria reveals that ligament deformation thresholds are multimodal","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.07.002","article-title":"A method for defining tissue injury criteria reveals that ligament deformation thresholds are multimodal","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2020.110104","article-title":"Fiber splay precludes the direct identification of ligament material properties: implications for ACL graft selection","volume":"113","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2021.104577","article-title":"Constitutive modeling of the anterior cruciate ligament bundles and patellar tendon with full-field methods","volume":"156","author":"Luetkemeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solid."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.03.045","article-title":"Digital image correlation-aided mechanical characterization of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament","volume":"56","author":"Mallett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.05.027","article-title":"Interfascicular matrix-mediated transverse deformation and sliding of discontinuous tendon subcomponents control the viscoelasticity and failure of tendons","volume":"97","author":"Obuchowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.05.027","article-title":"Interfascicular matrix-mediated transverse deformation and sliding of discontinuous tendon subcomponents control the viscoelasticity and failure of tendons","volume":"97","author":"Obuchowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4069533","article-title":"Fascicular elastin impacts tendon-specific ramp-to-failure and fatigue mechanics","volume":"147","author":"Pavey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.180256","article-title":"Pro-apoptotic and pro-proliferation functions of the JNK pathway of Drosophila : roles in cell competition, tumorigenesis and regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Pinal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","article-title":"Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schindelin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.015164","article-title":"High strain mechanical loading rapidly induces tendon apoptosis: an ex vivo rat tibialis anterior model","volume":"39","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2014.06.005","article-title":"Early stage fatigue damage occurs in bovine tendon fascicles in the absence of changes in mechanics at either the gross or micro-structural level","volume":"38","author":"Shepherd","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22879","article-title":"Tendon extracellular matrix damage, degradation and inflammation in response to in vitro overload exercise","volume":"33","author":"Spiesz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22879","article-title":"Tendon extracellular matrix damage, degradation and inflammation in response to in vitro overload exercise: tendon inflammation in overload","volume":"33","author":"Spiesz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.02.014","article-title":"Fatigue loading of tendon results in collagen kinking and denaturation but does not change local tissue mechanics","volume":"71","author":"Szczesny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/iep.12027","article-title":"The role of the non-collagenous matrix in tendon function","volume":"94","author":"Thorpe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12485","article-title":"Distribution of proteins within different compartments of tendon varies according to tendon type","volume":"229","author":"Thorpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20455","article-title":"Anatomical heterogeneity of tendon: fascicular and interfascicular tendon compartments have distinct proteomic composition","volume":"6","author":"Thorpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.1058","article-title":"Fascicles from energy-storing tendons show an age-specific response to cyclic fatigue loading","volume":"11","author":"Thorpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.04.008","article-title":"Effect of fatigue loading on structure and functional behaviour of fascicles from energy-storing tendons","volume":"10","author":"Thorpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.012","article-title":"Fascicles and the interfascicular matrix show adaptation for fatigue resistance in energy storing tendons","volume":"42","author":"Thorpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0362","article-title":"Specialization of tendon mechanical properties results from interfascicular differences","volume":"9","author":"Thorpe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070212","article-title":"Microscopical investigation of canine anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon: collagen fascicle morphology and architecture","volume":"7","author":"Yahia","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798033","article-title":"Mechanical properties of collagen fascicles from the rabbit patellar tendon","volume":"121","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0425-1","article-title":"The interfascicular matrix of energy storing tendons houses heterogenous cell populations disproportionately affected by aging","volume":"15","author":"Zamboulis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging and disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2795","article-title":"Accumulation of collagen molecular unfolding is the mechanism of cyclic fatigue damage and failure in collagenous tissues","volume":"6","author":"Zitnay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.045","article-title":"Tendons exhibit greater resistance to tissue and molecular-level damage with increasing strain rate during cyclic fatigue","volume":"134","author":"Zitnay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616126003036?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1751616126003036?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:33:43Z","timestamp":1793133223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1751616126003036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S1751616126003036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"https:\/\/github.com\/ryarosario\/patellartendon_may2026","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1751-6161"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-6161","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Strain in the transverse plane of the patellar tendon depends on both local composition and structure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2026.107634","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107634"}}