{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:53:28Z","timestamp":1789469608343,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006641","name":"UNICEF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004409","name":"Doctors Without Borders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R15MH129191"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15MH129191"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Migration and Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T20:52:29Z","timestamp":1774039949000},"page":"100405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Mental health and quality of life of migrants in transit through the Dari\u00e9n gap: A cross-sectional assessment in Panama"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Justo","family":"Pinz\u00f3n-Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4271-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer Toller","family":"Erausquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Flores Millender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Cabezas Talavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Franco-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narcis","family":"Cardoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey D.","family":"Xavier Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frankie Y.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Gabster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244018811752","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of post-migration Family dynamics and intergenerational relationships","volume":"8","author":"Ayika","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.07.024","article-title":"Risk of suicide and suicidal behavior in refugees. A meta-review of current systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"177","author":"Bevione","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0003","first-page":"80","article-title":"Experiences of trauma, stress, and resilience in indigenous mental health workers operating among refugee and conflict-affected populations on the Thai\u2013Myanmar border: a descriptive phenomenological analysis","volume":"53","author":"Blakeney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2021.1942642","article-title":"The resilience paradox","volume":"12","author":"Bonanno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-011123-024224","article-title":"Resilience and disaster: flexible adaptation in the face of uncertain threat","volume":"75","author":"Bonanno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-023-02101-5","article-title":"Mental health outcomes and quality of life of Ukrainian refugees in Germany","volume":"21","author":"Buchcik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2014.16.2\/mbullinger","article-title":"Quality of life as patient-reported outcomes: principles of assessment","volume":"16","author":"Bullinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10194","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30934-1","article-title":"New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Charlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0045","unstructured":"Cortes, G., 2022. The Dari\u00e9n: A gap between hope and despair. https:\/\/respuestavenezolanos.iom.int\/en\/stories\/darien-gap-between-hope-and-despair (accessed 25 August 2022)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.11.035","article-title":"The EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index: comparative psychometric properties to its parent WHOQOL-BREF","volume":"15","author":"da Rocha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1779329","article-title":"Transnational determinants of health for Central American migrants to the U.S.: results of a qualitative study","volume":"16","author":"Edberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953979","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.953979","article-title":"Sexual and reproductive health and access: results of a rapid epidemiological assessment among migrant peoples in transit through Dari\u00e9n, Panam\u00e1","volume":"4","author":"Erausquin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30242-X","article-title":"Venezuelan migrants in Colombia: COVID-19 and mental health","volume":"7","author":"Espinel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60051-2","article-title":"Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors","volume":"379","author":"Fazel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0014","article-title":"Rapid health evaluation in migrant peoples in transit through Dari\u00e9n, Panama: protocol for a multimethod qualitative and quantitative study","volume":"8","author":"Gabster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00378-1","article-title":"Health-related quality of life of refugees: a systematic review of studies using the WHOQOL-Bref Instrument in general and clinical Refugee populations in the community setting","volume":"15","author":"Gagliardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796024000489","article-title":"Gender disparity and post-traumatic stress disorder and elevated psychological distress in humanitarian migrants resettled in Australia: the moderating role of socioeconomic factors","volume":"33","author":"Handiso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102317","article-title":"U.S. Bound journey of migrant peoples InTransit across Dante\u2019s Inferno and Purgatory in the Americas","volume":"47","author":"Higuita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000469","article-title":"Effective screening for emotional distress in refugees","volume":"204","author":"Hollifield","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nervous Mental Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.002","article-title":"The Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15): Development and validation of an instrument for anxiety, depression, and PTSD in refugees","volume":"35","author":"Hollifield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0020","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration (IOM), UN Migration, and Global Migration Data Analysius Centre: Global Data Institute. N.d. Missing Migrants Project website https:\/\/missingmigrants.iom.int\/data (accessed 15 Nov 2025)."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2022.08.019","article-title":"Involuntary weight loss and dietary patterns of migrant peoples who transit through the Dari\u00e9n forest in Panama: a rapid epidemiological study","volume":"122","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168692","article-title":"Pre-migration trauma exposure and mental health functioning among Central American migrants arriving at the US border","volume":"12","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10408","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02185-2","article-title":"Immigration reform in the USA: health must come first [Editorial]","volume":"402","author":"Lancet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.04.032","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Lindert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0025","unstructured":"Lipscomb, A., 2019. Assessing and responding to depression and trauma among farmworkers: adaptation and implementation of the RHS 15 (Refugee Health Screener). North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Rural Health, NC Farmworker Health Program https:\/\/ncfhp.ncdhhs.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/(accessed 15 Nov 2025)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000172","article-title":"The mental health of civilians displaced by armed conflict: an ecological model of refugee distress","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-024-00336-9","article-title":"A systematic review of protective and promotive factors in refugee mental health","volume":"2","author":"Nickerson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0029","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Health hazards of migration in people seeking asylum in New York City, 2023","author":"Olivo-Freites","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0031","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization, 2024. Situation Report: Health and migration in the Americas. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-01\/sitrep-healthandmigration-americas-nov-2024.pdf (accessed 15 Nov 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0030","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization, 2024. Challenges in access to health for migrants transiting the Dari\u00e9n Region. PAHO\/DD\/24-0001. https:\/\/www.paho.org\/pub\/en\/challenges-access-health-migrants-transiting-darien-region\/ (accessed 28 March 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1157622","article-title":"\u2019You are the first person to ask me how I\u2019m doing sexually\u2019: sexual and reproductive health needs and sexual behaviours among migrant people in transit through Panama","volume":"5","author":"Panchenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0033","article-title":"RHS-15 English and translations","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathways Wellness"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.48204\/red.v3n2.5398","article-title":"Factores de riesgo y protectores en las condiciones de salud mental en los migrantes que cruzaron recientemente la selva del Dari\u00e9n","volume":"3","author":"Pierroz","year":"2024","journal-title":"REDEPSIC"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.029","article-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic and mental health of refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants","volume":"280","author":"Pinz\u00f3n-Espinosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2017-2297","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index (WHOQOL-8) in a Brazilian sample","volume":"40","author":"Pires","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.602","article-title":"Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis","volume":"294","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0038","unstructured":"Ratha, D., Chandra, V., Kim, E.J., Plaza, S., Mahmood, A., 2024. Remittances slowed in 2023, expected to grow faster in 2024. World Bank Migration and Development Brief 40. https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/en\/099714008132436612 (accessed 1 Feb 2025)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki155","article-title":"The EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index: psychometric results of a cross-cultural field study","volume":"16","author":"Schmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0042","unstructured":"Servicio Nacional de Migraci\u00f3n, 2025. Estad\u00edsticas \u2013 Migraci\u00f3n Panam\u00e1. Estad\u00edsticas - Migraci\u00f3n Panam\u00e1. https:\/\/www.migracion.gob.pa\/estadisticas\/(accessed 15 Nov 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0043","unstructured":"StataCorp LLC, 2023. Stata statistical software: release 18."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00191","article-title":"Risk factors and current health-seeking patterns of migrants in northeastern Mexico: healthcare needs for a socially vulnerable population","volume":"3","author":"Stoessl\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0028","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2016. Situation of migrants in transit. A\/HRC\/31\/35. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner For Human Rights. https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/issues\/migration\/studymigrants\/ohchr-2016-report-migrants-transit-en.pdf(accessed 28 March 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0046","series-title":"Global Trends: Forced Displacement 2023","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0047","series-title":"Mixed movements Dari\u00e9n and Chiriqu\u00ed - December 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0048","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2025. Refugee Data Finder. https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refugee-statistics (accessed 5 January 2026)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0049","unstructured":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2025. Border Report: Chiriqui and Dari\u00e9n: April-June 2025. https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/documents\/details\/117631 (accessed 14 Aug 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0050","unstructured":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2025. Immigrant and Refugee Health: Mental Health. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/immigrant-refugee-health\/hcp\/domestic-guidance\/mental-health.html (accessed 15 Nov 2025)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-020-00292-y","article-title":"Systematic review of factors associated with quality of life of asylum seekers and refugees in high-income countries","volume":"14","author":"van der Boor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Confl. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405_bib0039","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2025. Refugee and migrant mental health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/refugee-and-migrant-mental-health (accessed 15 Nov 2025)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Migration and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666623526000127?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666623526000127?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T20:50:29Z","timestamp":1781211029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666623526000127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S2666623526000127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6235"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6235","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mental health and quality of life of migrants in transit through the Dari\u00e9n gap: A cross-sectional assessment in Panama","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Migration and Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmh.2026.100405","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100405"}}