{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:26:21Z","timestamp":1774304781799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jmig.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T02:37:12Z","timestamp":1755743832000},"page":"34-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Female Dyspareunia and the Relationship to Neurophysiologic Mechanisms: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1122-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Yunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5998-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Lane","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-6852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella","family":"Barrett-Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hargun","family":"Dhillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avonae","family":"Gentles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahfuza","family":"Sreya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7166-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sawsan","family":"As-Sanie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1297","article-title":"Are aspects of study design associated with the reported prevalence of female sexual difficulties?","volume":"90","author":"Hayes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertility Sterility"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12729","article-title":"Concurrent deep\u2013superficial dyspareunia: prevalence, associations, and outcomes in a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program","volume":"12","author":"Yong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0003","first-page":"11","article-title":"Human sexual response","volume":"Vol 130","author":"Basson","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0004","first-page":"3","article-title":"Defining neuroplasticity","volume":"Vol 184","author":"Innocenti","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/291","article-title":"Central sensitization in urogynecologicalchronic pelvic pain: a systematic literatur ereview","volume":"4","author":"Kaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000001183","article-title":"Central sensitization in vulvodynia and endometriosis: what have we been overlooking so far?","volume":"78","author":"Cetera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol Survey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2019.027","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical pain thresholds of women with provoked localized vulvodynia: a pilot study","volume":"119","author":"Basha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Osteopathic Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001532","article-title":"Altered gray matter volume in sensorimotor and thalamic regions associated with pain in localized provoked vulvodynia: a voxel-based morphometry study","volume":"160","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00352-9","article-title":"Psychophysical evidence of nociceptor sensitization in vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000079663","article-title":"Hyperinnervation and mast cell activation may be used as histopathologic diagnostic criteria for vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"58","author":"Bornstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.028","article-title":"Psychophysical properties of female genital sensation","volume":"154","author":"Farmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.10.156","article-title":"Central nervous system abnormalities in vaginismus","volume":"120","author":"Frasson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0014","first-page":"154","article-title":"Evaluation of vesibular biopsy features in patients affected by fibromyalgia, by vulvodynia or by their association","volume":"108","author":"Ghizzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.01.028","article-title":"Histologic and receptor analysis of primary and secondary vestibulodynia and controls: a prospective study","volume":"202","author":"Goetsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstetr Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000461289.65571.54","article-title":"Disease-related differences in resting-state networks: a comparison between localized provoked vulvodynia, irritable bowel syndrome, and healthy control subjects","volume":"156","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.12.269","article-title":"Disease-related microstructural differences in the brain in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.01.767","article-title":"Augmented central pain processing in vulvodynia","volume":"14","author":"Hampson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1171160","article-title":"Distinct neural signaling characteristics between fibromyalgia and provoked vestibulodynia revealed by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the brainstem and spinal cord","volume":"4","author":"Ioachim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.10.022","article-title":"Evidence of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) elicited by cold noxious stimulation in patients with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"130","author":"Johannesson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2021.04.017","article-title":"Dysregulation in sphingolipid signaling pathways is associated with symptoms and functional connectivity of pain processing brain regions in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"22","author":"Labus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182a5f25f","article-title":"Histopathologic characteristics of menopausal vestibulodynia","volume":"122","author":"Leclair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.12.008","article-title":"A local inflammatory renin-angiotensin system drives sensory axon sprouting in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"18","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0024","first-page":"qdae170","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle activation amplitude at rest, during voluntary contraction, and during Valsalva maneuver\u2014a comparison between those with and without provoked vestibulodynia","author":"McLean","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0025","first-page":"qdae171","article-title":"Pelvic floor muscle activation in response to pressure stimuli applied to the vulvar vestibule: an observational study comparing women with and without provoked vestibulodynia","author":"McLean","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.07.017","article-title":"Brain responses to vestibular pain and its anticipation in women with genito-pelvic pain\/penetration disorder","volume":"16","author":"Pazmany","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00442-0","article-title":"Vestibular tactile and pain thresholds in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndromeq","volume":"96","author":"Pukall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.02.020","article-title":"Neural correlates of painful genital touch in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Pukall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000377","article-title":"Nerve growth factor and selected cytokines in women with and without vulvodynia","volume":"22","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0030","first-page":"qdae203","article-title":"The role of interoceptive sensibility on central sensitization to pain in vulvodynia","author":"Scarpina","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.09.014","article-title":"Increased gray matter density in young women with chronic vulvar pain","volume":"140","author":"Schweinhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12863","article-title":"Psychophysical, and neural correlates of vulvar pain in primary and secondary provoked vestibulodynia: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Sutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001778","article-title":"Exploring the neural correlates of touch and pain in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"161","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.07.037","article-title":"Immune activation enhances epithelial nerve growth in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"215","author":"Tommola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstetr Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05308.x","article-title":"Increased innervation of the vulval vestibule in patients with vulvodynia","volume":"148","author":"Tympanidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(03)00085-5","article-title":"Increased vanilloid receptor VR1 innervation in vulvodynia","volume":"8","author":"Tympanidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0037","article-title":"An investigation of descending pain modulation in women with provoked vestibulodynia: alterations of brain connectivity","volume":"2","author":"Yessick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30414-X","article-title":"Pelvic floor tenderness in the etiology of superficial dyspareunia","volume":"36","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstetr Gynaecol Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2021.03.004","article-title":"Investigation of auditory P50 sensory gating with sexual visual stimuli in patients with vaginismus","volume":"51","author":"Y\u00fckselay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurophysiologie Clinique"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.06.006","article-title":"Reliability and reproducibility of novel methodology for assessment of pressure pain sensitivity in pelvis","volume":"13","author":"Zolnoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0041","series-title":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in pelvic floor electrical activity and vulvar pain after botulinum toxin treatment of vestibulodynia: are clinical and electrophysiological outcomes related?*","author":"Albaladejo-Belmonte","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e3182277fb7","article-title":"Vulvodynia interventions\u2014systematic review and evidence grading","volume":"66","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol Survey"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/gyn.2012.0018","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome in 559 women (1991\u20132011)","volume":"28","author":"Baggish","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gynecol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2022.02.008","article-title":"Treatment of provoked vulvodynia: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Bohm-Starke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002617","article-title":"Gabapentin for the treatment of vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzae054","article-title":"Efficacy of rehabilitative techniques on pain relief in patients with vulvodynia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Calafiore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182657de6","article-title":"Enoxaparin treatment for vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"Farajun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181e9e0ab","article-title":"Oral desipramine and topical lidocaine for vulvodynia","volume":"116","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Part 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000141441.41178.6b","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in the treatment of refractory vaginismus","volume":"104","author":"Ghazizadeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004008","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A as a treatment for provoked vestibulodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"136","author":"Haraldson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.12.013","article-title":"Botulinum toxin-treatment of localized provoked vulvodynia refractory to conventional treatment","volume":"234","author":"Hedebo Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Obstetr Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2017.09.004","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of provoked vestibulodynia\u2014a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial","volume":"14","author":"Lev-Sagie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2012.02909.x","article-title":"Multilevel local anesthetic nerve blockade for the treatment of generalized vulvodynia: a pilot study","volume":"9","author":"McDonald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sex Mede"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0054","article-title":"Interventions for vaginismus","volume":"12","author":"Melnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13396","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A (Botox) injection into muscles of pelvic floor as a treatment for persistent pelvic pain secondary to pelvic floor muscular spasm: a pilot study","volume":"61","author":"Mooney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Obst Gynaeco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.049","article-title":"Efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"216","author":"Morin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.08.003","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation for provoked vestibulodynia: What roles do psychosexual factors play in treatment response?","volume":"93","author":"Morin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01803.x","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to treat vestibulodynia: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"115","author":"Murina","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e3182652316","article-title":"Vestibulodynia: synergy between palmitoylethanolamide + transpolydatin and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Murina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Lower Genital Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.06.026","article-title":"Vaginal diazepam plus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to treat vestibulodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"228","author":"Murina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstetr Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0061","first-page":"48","article-title":"Effectiveness of two transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) protocols in women with provoked vestibulodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Murina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000787","article-title":"Efficacy of physiotherapy for treating vulvodynia: a systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Nascimento","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31819663ee","article-title":"Topical amitriptyline-baclofen cream for the treatment of provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"13","author":"Nyirjesy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lower Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10235.x","article-title":"Efficacy of high doses of botulinum toxin A for treating provoked vestibulodynia","author":"Pelletier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01378.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A\u2014a novel treatment for provoked vestibulodynia? Results from a randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study","volume":"6","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.008","article-title":"Multilevel local anesthetic nerve blockade for the treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"198","author":"Rapkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Obstetr Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13292","article-title":"Topical treatment of vulvodynia, dyspareunia and pudendal neuralgia: a single clinic audit of amitriptyline and oestriol in organogel","volume":"61","author":"Ruoss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Obst Gynaeco"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12830","article-title":"Acupuncture for the treatment of vulvodynia: a randomized wait-list controlled pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Schlaeger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12740","article-title":"Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as an additional treatment for women suffering from therapy-resistant provoked vestibulodynia: a feasibility study","volume":"12","author":"Vallinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15080476","article-title":"Treatment of vestibulodynia with submucosal injections of incobotulinumtoxina into targeted painful points: an open-label exploratory Study","volume":"15","author":"Villa-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0071","first-page":"84","article-title":"Overnight 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis","volume":"102","author":"Zolnoun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181bb0dbb","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin type A injections for vaginismus secondary to vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Bertolasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0b013e31829fae32","article-title":"The value of histology in predicting the effectiveness of vulvar vestibulectomy in provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"18","author":"Brokenshire","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Lower Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdae030","article-title":"Immunohistochemical staining with CD117 and PGP9.5 of excised vestibular tissue from patients with neuroproliferative vestibulodynia","volume":"21","author":"Drian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.0331","article-title":"The role of insular cortex in response to group therapy in vaginismus patients: magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"17","author":"Erbay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.05.025","article-title":"Effects of intradermal foot and forearm capsaicin injections in normal and vulvodynia-afflicted women","volume":"117","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1159\/000082112","article-title":"The major histopathologic characteristics in the vulvar vestibulitis syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Halperin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/sexmed\/qfae012","article-title":"A survey of patient tolerance and satisfaction with capsaicin for neuroproliferative vestibulodynia","volume":"12","author":"Kopits","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sexual Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12113851","article-title":"Managing vulvodynia with central sensitization: challenges and strategies","volume":"12","author":"Rubal","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/15.8.1744","article-title":"Relationship between endometriotic foci and nerves in rectovaginal endometriotic nodules","volume":"15","author":"Anaf","year":"2000","journal-title":"Human Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806917705564","article-title":"Local upregulation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 ion channels in rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis","volume":"13","author":"Bohonyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ13-0027","article-title":"Possible involvement of nerve growth factor in dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia associated with endometriosis","volume":"60","author":"Kajitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae207","article-title":"Psychological characteristics and structural brain changes in women with endometriosis and endometriosis-independent chronic pelvic pain","volume":"39","author":"Maulitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010162","article-title":"Dyspareunia and biomarkers: a case study of sexual dysfunction in moderate endometriosis","volume":"26","author":"Nati","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12708","article-title":"Bladder base tenderness in the etiology of deep dyspareunia","volume":"11","author":"Nourmoussavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.06.007","article-title":"Deep dyspareunia in endometriosis: role of the bladder and pelvic floor","volume":"15","author":"Orr","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2019.12.019","article-title":"Phenotyping sexual pain in endometriosis using the central sensitization inventory","volume":"17","author":"Orr","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e234","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002351","article-title":"Central sensitization inventory in endometriosis","volume":"163","author":"Orr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117716778","article-title":"Nerve growth factor is associated with sexual pain in women with endometriosis","volume":"25","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa017","article-title":"Role of interleukin-1\u03b2 in nerve growth factor expression, neurogenesis and deep dyspareunia in endometriosis","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115623644","article-title":"Nerve bundles and deep dyspareunia in endometriosis","volume":"23","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101972","article-title":"Treatment of acute dysmenorrhoea and pelvic pain syndrome of uterine origin with myometrial botulinum toxin injections under hysteroscopy: a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Bautrant","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Human Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0093","article-title":"Surgical interventions for the management of chronic pelvic pain in women","volume":"2022","author":"Leonardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.10.018","article-title":"Hormonal treatment isolated versus hormonal treatment associated with electrotherapy for pelvic pain control in deep endometriosis: randomized clinical trial","volume":"255","author":"Mira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2508.2001.00451.x","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis","volume":"10","author":"Sutton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynaecol Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.358","article-title":"Effectiveness of presacral neurectomy in women with severe dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis who were treated with laparoscopic conservative surgery: a 1-year prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"189","author":"Zullo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet and Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-3804(05)60005-9","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of presacral neurectomy for the treatment of severe dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis","volume":"11","author":"Zullo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparoscopists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250046","article-title":"Six-month follow-up of minimally invasive nerve-sparing complete excision of endometriosis: what about dyspareunia?","volume":"16","author":"Crispi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10397-010-0612-1","article-title":"The efficacy of laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation (LUNA) in the treatment of unexplained chronic pelvic pain: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"El-Din Shawki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0100","first-page":"172","article-title":"Effects of presacral neurectomy on pelvic pain in women with and without endometriosis","volume":"80","author":"Jedrzejczak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00233.x","article-title":"A double-blind randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation for women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"111","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0780","article-title":"Association of central sensitization inventory scores with pain outcomes after endometriosis surgery","volume":"6","author":"Orr","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdae084","article-title":"Pain with orgasm in endometriosis: potential etiologic factors and clinical correlates","volume":"21","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0104","first-page":"610","article-title":"Hemodynamic and neurobiological factors for the development of chronic pelvic pain in patients with pelvic venous disorder","volume":"11","author":"Gavrilov","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07110-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of peripheral sensitization in endometriosis patients with peritoneal lesions and acyclical pain","volume":"308","author":"Velho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000237100.29870.cc","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for chronic pain and pelvic floor spasm in women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"108","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12788","article-title":"Effect of vaginal electrical stimulation on female sexual functions: a randomized study","volume":"12","author":"Ayd\u0131n","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02532-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of physical therapy interventions in women with dyspareunia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.07.004","article-title":"Efficacy of neuromodulation interventions for the treatment of sexual dysfunction: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0110","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for the management of pelvic floor tension myalgia and persistent pelvic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Knapman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.10.028","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection in vulva and vagina. Evidence from a literature systematic review","volume":"291","author":"Parenti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24799","article-title":"Neuromuscular treatment approach for women with chronic pelvic pain syndrome improving pelvic pain and functionality","volume":"41","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodynam"},{"issue":"S2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1775","article-title":"A systematic review of intravaginal diazepam for the treatment of pelvic floor hypertonic disorder","volume":"60","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Pharma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1268","article-title":"Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation for alleviating chronic pelvic pain","volume":"302","author":"Daniels","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S168715","article-title":"Perineural invasion in endometriotic lesions contributes to endometriosis-associated pain","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"JPR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0116","first-page":"qdaf025","article-title":"Deep and superficial dyspareunia questionnaire: a patient-reported outcome measure for genito-pelvic dyspareunia","author":"Marshall","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1093\/sxmrev\/qead033","article-title":"Neuroproliferative dyspareunia in endometriosis and vestibulodynia","volume":"11","author":"Mwaura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2018.12.007","article-title":"Deep dyspareunia: review of pathophysiology and proposed future research priorities","volume":"8","author":"Orr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2017.06.005","article-title":"Deep dyspareunia in endometriosis: a proposed framework based on pain mechanisms and genito-pelvic pain penetration disorder","volume":"5","author":"Yong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esxm.2017.07.001","article-title":"Anatomic sites and associated clinical factors for deep dyspareunia","volume":"5","author":"Yong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/jsxmed\/qdad133","article-title":"Acceptability, reliability, and validity of a vaginal insert for the self-assessment of endometriosis-associated deep dyspareunia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"MacLeod","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sex Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1553465025002614?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1553465025002614?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T12:12:27Z","timestamp":1768306347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1553465025002614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1553465025002614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-4650"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-4650","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Female Dyspareunia and the Relationship to Neurophysiologic Mechanisms: A Scoping Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmig.2025.07.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 AAGL. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}