{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:31:03Z","timestamp":1761658263054,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010076","name":"Conseil R\u00e9gional Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d&apos;Azur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T21:48:50Z","timestamp":1610228930000},"page":"37-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Can hydroxychloroquine be protective against COVID-19-associated thrombotic events ?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Devaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4681-626X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurence","family":"Camoin-Jau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Mege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Raoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1086\/322858","article-title":"Chloroquine-resistant malaria","volume":"184","author":"Wellems","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102311","article-title":"Type I interferon gene expression in antiphospholipid syndrome : pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic implications","volume":"104","author":"Xourgia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0372-x","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: implications for rheumatology","volume":"16","author":"Schrezenmeier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02159","article-title":"Immune modulation as a therapeutic option during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: the case for antimalarial aminoquinolones","volume":"11","author":"Vitte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197512182932506","article-title":"Platelet-inhibiting drugs in the prevention of clinical thrombotic disease (third of three parts)","volume":"293","author":"Genton","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(95)00028-3","article-title":"Chloroquine inhibits stimulates platelets at the arachidonic acid pathway","volume":"77","author":"Nosal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2016.09.001","article-title":"The effects of hydroxychloroquine on endothelial dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.08.008","article-title":"Attenuation of antimalarial agent hydroxychloroquine on TNF-alpha-induced endothelial inflammation","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05116-5","article-title":"Network-based approach to prediction and population-based validation of in silico drug repurposing","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00223","article-title":"COVID-19: the conjunction of events leading to the coronavirus pandemic and lessons to learn for future threats","volume":"7","author":"Frutos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14888","article-title":"Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Middeldorp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.0000000000000211","article-title":"It is infection or rather vascular inflammation? Game-changer insights and recommendations from patterns of multi-organ involvement and affected subgroups in COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"AbdelMassih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5","article-title":"Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases?","volume":"3","author":"Savarino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Chloroquine as a potential treatment and and prevention measure for the 2019 novel Coronavirus: a review","author":"Kearney","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib18"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in\u00a0vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0156-0","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine, a less toxic derivative of chloroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in\u00a0vitro","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0674-9","article-title":"Insights from nanomedicine in chloroquine efficacy against COVID-19","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00661-z","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib26","first-page":"215219","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow-up: a pilot observational study","volume":"49","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trav Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101738","article-title":"Early treatment of COVID-19 patients with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin: a retrospective analysis of 1061 cases in Marseille, France","volume":"35","author":"Million","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trav Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101791","article-title":"Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine\/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France. A retrospective analysis","volume":"36","author":"Lagier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trav Med Infect Dis"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Breaking news: the efficacy of Chloroquine derivatives in COVID-19: a meta-analysis on the first available reports","author":"Million","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib29"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25898","article-title":"Virological and clinical cure in COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine. A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Sarma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.017","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndrome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib32","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Fiolet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2558-4","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine use against SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates","author":"Maisonnasse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"The Recovery Collaborative Group","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.04.015","article-title":"ACE2 receptor polymorphism : susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome","volume":"53","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30116-8","article-title":"Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection?","volume":"8","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Resp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib37","first-page":"691","article-title":"Research advances in the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by Coronavirus disease 2019 and the corresponding therapeutic measures [Article in Chinese]","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Shaoshang Zazhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01708","article-title":"Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710019","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines","volume":"120","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0425-1","article-title":"CD39: interface between vascular thrombosis and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Kanthi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Atherosclerosis Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/12447","article-title":"Targeted disruption of cd39\/ATP diphosphohydrolase results in disordered hemostasis and thromboregulation","volume":"5","author":"Enjyoji","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.06.008","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as prognosticator in patients with COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102537","article-title":"The role of cytokines including interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced pneumonia and macrophage activation syndrome like disease","author":"McGonagle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38246","article-title":"Interleukin-6 receptor blockade enhances CD39+ regulatory T cell development in rheumatoid arthritis and in experimental arthritis","volume":"66","author":"Thiolat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib47","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps and thrombosis in COVID-19","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007214","article-title":"Platelet gene expression and function in COVID-19 Patients","author":"Manne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"year":"2020","series-title":"Lupus anticoagulant is frequent in patients with Covid-19","author":"Harzallah","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib49"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib50","article-title":"Brief report: anti-phospholipid antibodies in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib51","article-title":"Presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in COVID-19: a case series study","author":"Amezcua-Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14994","article-title":"Antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with COVID-19: a relevant observation?","volume":"18","author":"Devreese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41409","article-title":"Anti-cardiolipin IgG autoantibodies are an independent risk factor of COVID-19 severity","author":"Bertin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib54","first-page":"1","article-title":"High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Helms","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib55","article-title":"Prothrombotic antiphospholipid antibodies in COVID-19","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa591","article-title":"A granulocytic signature identifies COVID-19 and its severity","volume":"222","author":"Vitte","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020006000","article-title":"COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation","volume":"135","author":"Connors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709650","article-title":"D-Dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis","volume":"120","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib59","first-page":"268","article-title":"Association between D-dimer levels and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19: a systematic review and pooled analysis","volume":"45","author":"Sakka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Vasc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14859","article-title":"D-dimer levels on admission to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with Covid-19","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thrombos Heamost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201561","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients on CT angiography and relationship to D-dimer levels","author":"Leonard-Lorant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.04.028","article-title":"Acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 disease: preliminary report on seven patients","volume":"313","author":"Faggiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2020.00151","article-title":"Thromboembolism in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430","article-title":"Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID-19","volume":"142","author":"PoissyJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013","article-title":"Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Klok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030397","article-title":"Emergent large vessel occlusion stroke during New York city's COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"51","author":"Majidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2009787","article-title":"Large-vessel stroke as a presenting feature of Covid-19 in young","volume":"382","author":"Oxley","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047419","article-title":"Will complement inhibition be the new target in treating COVID-19 related systemic thrombosis ?","volume":"141","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0474-5","article-title":"Emerging evidence of a COVID-19 thrombotic syndrome has treatment implications","author":"Merill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib70","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study","author":"Carsana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib71","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19, coagulopathy and venous thromboembolism: more questions than answers","volume":"11","author":"Marietta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.003","article-title":"Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China","volume":"98","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30216-7","article-title":"Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study","author":"Goshua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Heamatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa623","article-title":"COVID-19 is, in the end, an endothelial disease","volume":"4","author":"Libby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib75","first-page":"e553","volume":"7","author":"0 'Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.04.007","article-title":"Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases","volume":"220","author":"Magro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.07.016","article-title":"Are antiphospholipid antibodies associated with thrombotic complications in critically ill COVID-19 patients ?","volume":"195","author":"Siguret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib78","article-title":"Anti-phospholipid antibodies in COVID-19 are different from those detectable in the anti-phospholipid syndrome","author":"Borghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4659","article-title":"Entangling COVID-19 associated thrombosis into a secondary antiphopholipid antibody syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives (Review)","volume":"46","author":"Cavalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204838","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: a multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients","volume":"74","author":"Cervera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01609","article-title":"Environmental triggers of autoreactive responses: induction of antiphospholipid antibody formation","volume":"10","author":"Martirosyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312458841","article-title":"Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome triggered by fulminant disseminated herpes simplex infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Catoggio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0773-x","article-title":"Role of infectious disease in the antiphospholipid syndrome (including its catastrophic variant)","volume":"20","author":"Mendoza-Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib84","first-page":"1560","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome and asymptomatic carriers of antiphospholipid antibody: prospec- tive analysis of 404 individuals","volume":"31","author":"Giron-Gonzalez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.1.77","article-title":"High impact of antiphospholipid syndrome on irreversible organ damage and survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematous","volume":"164","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310395803","article-title":"Evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and long-term management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients: Report of a Task Force at the 13th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies","volume":"20","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)30079-5","article-title":"Rivaroxaban versus warfarin to treat patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome, with or without systemic lupus erythematosus (RAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 2\/3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"3","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317701841","article-title":"Direct oral anticoagulants: an alternative treatment for thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome?","volume":"26","author":"Resseguier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-848333","article-title":"Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Pengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215213","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults","volume":"78","author":"Tektonidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.12.006","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine as an anti-thrombotic in antiphospolipid syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Belizna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-016-8812-z","article-title":"Long-term use of hydroxychloroquine reduces antiphospholipid antibodies levels in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Nuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.714","article-title":"What is the role of hydroxychloroquine in reducing thrombotic risk in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies?","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03674.x","article-title":"Clinical course of high-risk patients diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Pengo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780301219","article-title":"Does hydroxychloroquine sulfate prevent clot formation in systemic lupus erythematosus ?","volume":"30","author":"Wallace","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90364-6","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and postoperative thromboembolism after total hip replacement","volume":"85","author":"Loudon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-3848(94)90270-4","article-title":"On the inhibitory effect of chloroquine on blood platelet aggregation","volume":"74","author":"Jancinova","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.12.4380","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in mice","volume":"96","author":"Edwards","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212614","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine reverses the prothrombotic state in a mouse model of antiphospholipid syndrome: role of reduced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Miranda","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.8.924","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Erkan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei014","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multicentric cohort (LUMINA): XXVIII. Factor predictive of thrombotic event","volume":"44","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312437810","article-title":"APS ACTION-AntiPhospholipid syndrome alliance for clinical trials and InternatiOnal network","volume":"21","author":"Erkan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317724219","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in the primary thrombosis prophylaxis of antiphospholipid antibody positive patients without systemic autoimmune disease","volume":"27","author":"Erkan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2009.1.247","article-title":"ASH evidence-based guidelines: should asymptomatic patients with antiphospholipid antibodies receive primary prophylaxis to prevent thrombosis?","author":"Metjian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203306071872","article-title":"Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"15","author":"Ruiz-Irastorza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27289","article-title":"The protective effect of antimalarial drug on thrombovascular events in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613033","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine reverse platelet activation induced by human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Espinola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-03-144204","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine directly reduces the binding of antiphospholipid antibody-beta2-glycoprotein I complexes to phospholipid bilayers","volume":"112","author":"Rand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-04-213520","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine protect the annexin A5 anticoagulant shield from disruption by antiphospholipid antibodies: evidence for a novel effect for an old anti-malarial drug","volume":"115","author":"Rand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0141-y","article-title":"Use of hydroxychloroquine to prevent thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus and in antiphospholipid antibody-positive patients","volume":"13","author":"Petri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428269","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/428269","article-title":"Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review article","volume":"2012","author":"Al-Homood","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12363","article-title":"Antithrombotic effects of hydroxychloroquine in primary antiphospholipid syndrome patients","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt-Tanguy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Soc Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12184","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine on antiphospholipid antibody-induced changes in first trimester trophoblast function","volume":"71","author":"Albert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib114","first-page":"639","article-title":"Effect of additional treatments combined with conventional therapies in pregnant patients with high-risk antiphospholipid syndrome: a multicentre study","volume":"118","author":"Ruffatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb Haemostasis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603359","volume":"43","author":"Schreiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.05.012","article-title":"HIBISCUS: hydroxychloroquine for the secondary prevention of thrombotic and obstetrical events in primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Belizna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127601","article-title":"Study of the role of hydroxychloroquine in immunomodulation and control of hypercoagulatbility in patients diagnosed with primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Mangolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102491","article-title":"The effect of hydroxychloroquine on thrombosis prevention and antiphospholipid syndrome: a pilot open label randomized prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Kravvariti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-020-00900-x","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19: a cellular and molecular biology based update","volume":"35","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Coagulopathy of COVID-19 and antiphospholipid antibodies","author":"Connell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemostasis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217566","article-title":"Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a series of 17 patients with systematic lupus erythematosus under long-term treatment with hydroxychloroquine","volume":"79","author":"Mathian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2021.1847640","article-title":"Natural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options","volume":"16","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expet Rev Clin Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1684118221000074?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1684118221000074?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T13:26:02Z","timestamp":1761657962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1684118221000074"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1684118221000074"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1684-1182"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1684-1182"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can hydroxychloroquine be protective against COVID-19-associated thrombotic events ?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.12.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Taiwan Society of Microbiology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}