{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1791233883287,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:19:08Z","timestamp":1790378348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A detoxified E. coli heat-labile toxin LTh(\u03b1K) as a mucosal immunomodulator against acute respiratory viral infection: Proof-of-concept in a SARS-CoV-2 rodent model"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5799-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna Shu-Han","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang-Ching","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Shih","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3251-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33293-2","article-title":"Estimates of global seasonal influenza-associated respiratory mortality: a modelling study","volume":"391","author":"Iuliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.08.008","article-title":"Global burden and trends of respiratory syncytial virus infection across different age groups from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study","volume":"135","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00408-x","article-title":"The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"22","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00517-8","article-title":"Dealing with a mucosal viral pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Mouro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957107","article-title":"Mucosal immunity: the missing link in comprehending SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission","volume":"13","author":"Russell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2012.13","article-title":"Type I interferons in regulation of mucosal immunity","volume":"90","author":"Mangan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211667","article-title":"The early interferon catches the SARS-CoV-2","volume":"218","author":"Decker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108234","article-title":"Evasion of type I interferon by SARS-CoV-2","volume":"33","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7780","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.9.7780-7786.1999","article-title":"Phase 1 evaluation of intranasal virosomal influenza vaccine with and without Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin in adult volunteers","volume":"73","author":"Gl\u00fcck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.03.015","article-title":"ADP-ribosylating enterotoxins as vaccine adjuvants","volume":"41","author":"Lycke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1086\/315337","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of intranasally administered inactivated trivalent virosome-formulated influenza vaccine containing Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin as a mucosal adjuvant","volume":"181","author":"Gl\u00fcck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.11.047","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an intranasally administered trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine with the adjuvant LTh(\u03b1K): a phase II study","volume":"38","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.02.006","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an intranasally administered trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine with adjuvant LTh(\u03b1K): a phase I study","volume":"37","author":"Pan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib16","article-title":"Escherichia coli heat-labile detoxified enterotoxin modulates dendritic cell function and attenuates allergic airway inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib17","article-title":"Mutated Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin","volume":"8","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"United States patent US"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.611337","article-title":"Mucosal immunity in COVID-19: a neglected but critical aspect of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03048-5","article-title":"Interferon beta-1a for COVID-19: critical importance of the administration route","volume":"24","author":"Jalkanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201949799","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA in inflammation and immunity","volume":"21","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1851420","article-title":"Role of Mitochondria-Associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane in inflammation-mediated metabolic diseases","volume":"2016","author":"Thoudam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00126-1","article-title":"Type I interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Le Bon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-019-00102-7","article-title":"Interferon as a mucosal adjuvant for an influenza vaccine in pigs","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00542-7","article-title":"Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract","volume":"19","author":"Flerlage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.10.007","article-title":"Syrian hamsters as a model of lung injury with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathologic, physiologic, and detailed molecular profiling","volume":"240","author":"Bednash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S323026","article-title":"Characterization of virus replication, pathogenesis, and cytokine responses in Syrian hamsters inoculated with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S168411822600126X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S168411822600126X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:25:54Z","timestamp":1791231954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S168411822600126X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["S168411822600126X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1684-1182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1684-1182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A detoxified E. coli heat-labile toxin LTh(\u03b1K) as a mucosal immunomodulator against acute respiratory viral infection: Proof-of-concept in a SARS-CoV-2 rodent model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmii.2026.09.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Taiwan Society of Microbiology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}