{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:31:32Z","timestamp":1786966292574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jmirs.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T13:03:36Z","timestamp":1771247016000},"page":"102195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Roles of diagnostic radiographers in child protection from physical abuse: A narrative review of non-policies, policies and legislation in Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Osward","family":"Bwanga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bornface","family":"Chinene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Maimbo","family":"Sichone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0001","series-title":"Diagnosis of Non-Accidental injury: Illustrated Clinical Cases","author":"Palusci","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-018-0244-1","article-title":"Child physical abuse: factors influencing the associations between self-reported exposure and self-reported health problems: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Annerb\u00e4ck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2021.04.007","article-title":"A qualitative description of how Ghanaian radiographers identify suspected child physical abuse","volume":"27","author":"Antwi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2022.101778","article-title":"Child physical abuse risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Milner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221150949","article-title":"Health professionals: identifying and reporting child physical abuse-a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Bragan\u00e7a-Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_sbref0006","series-title":"History of UNICEF","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0007","series-title":"Child Safeguarding Policy","author":"Ministry of Community Development and Social Services","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0008","first-page":"c960","article-title":"A review of Zambia\u2019s national child policy vis-\u00e0-vis UNCRC key principles","volume":"10","author":"Mwape","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Creat. Res Thoughts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0009","series-title":"Education Act, 2003","author":"Government of the Republic of Zambia","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0010","series-title":"Constitution of Zambia, Article 24","author":"Government of the Republic of Zambia","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0011","series-title":"Children\u2019s Code Act","author":"Government of the Republic of Zambia","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0012","series-title":"Clark\u2019s Positioning in Radiography","author":"Whitley","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.55320\/mjz.48.2.42","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging of non-accidental injury and percutaneous foreign bodies: a case report from Zambia","volume":"48","author":"Chanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med J Zamb."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czaa064","article-title":"Document analysis in health policy research: the READ approach","volume":"35","author":"Dalglish","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3316\/QRJ0902027","article-title":"Document analysis as a qualitative research method","volume":"9","author":"Bowen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual Res J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0016","series-title":"The Good Research guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects","author":"Denscombe","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0017","series-title":"Analysing Qualitative Data","first-page":"173","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research","author":"Ritchie","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2022.11.012","article-title":"Ghanaian radiographers experience and commitment to the mandatory reporting law regarding suspected child physical abuse","volume":"29","author":"Antwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmh.IJMH_13_20","article-title":"Nigerian radiographers and non-accidental injury in children","volume":"26","author":"Ewuzie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Med Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2024.12.005","article-title":"Radiographers' emotional reactions to suspected child abuse","volume":"31","author":"Mussmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2024.05.017","article-title":"The environmental sustainability implications of contrast media supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a document analysis of international practice guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Natembeya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0022","series-title":"Medical imaging standard operating procedures for general radiography","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0023","series-title":"Ionising radiation protection act of 2011 (Amended)","author":"Republic of Zambia","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0024","unstructured":"Government of the Republic of Zambia. Initial report on the implementation of the african charter on the rights and welfare of the child: reporting period 2008-2017. Lusaka: Government of the Republic of Zambia; 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0025","series-title":"Bachelor of science in diagnostic radiography curriculum","author":"Lusaka Apex Medical University","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0026","series-title":"Professional code of ethics and discipline: fitness to practice","author":"Health Professions Council of Zambia","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0027","series-title":"Guidelines for good practice in the healthcare profession - maintaining patient confidentiality","author":"Health Professions Council of Zambia","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0028","series-title":"Guidelines for good practice in the healthcare profession - generation and management of patient records","author":"Health Professions Council of Zambia","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0029","series-title":"Bachelor of science in diagnostic radiography curriculum","author":"University of Zambia","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0030","series-title":"Code of conduct for radiographers","author":"Radiological Society of Zambia","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0031","series-title":"Bachelor of science in diagnostic radiography curriculum","author":"Levy Mwanawasa Medical University","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0032","series-title":"Core competencies reference manual for diagnostic radiographers to practise in Zambia","author":"Health Professions Council of Zambia","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jmrs.269","article-title":"Imaging of non-accidental injury; what is clinical best practice?","volume":"65","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Radiat Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0034","series-title":"Practice standards for the imaging of children and young people","author":"Society and College of Radiographers","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0035","series-title":"Skeletal survey for suspected NAI, SIDS and SUDI: guidance for radiographers","author":"Society and College of Radiographers","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0036","article-title":"Paediatric medical imaging in Ireland: challenges, training, and the use of distraction techniques","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Radiat Res Appl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0037","series-title":"The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children","author":"Royal College of Radiologists","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2023.06.014","article-title":"Evaluating the role of the diagnostic radiographer in identifying child safeguarding concerns: a knowledge, attitude and practice survey approach","volume":"29","author":"Beck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0039","first-page":"413","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of non-accidental trauma in the pediatric population: a Clinical review","volume":"11","author":"Schermerhorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0040","series-title":"Paediatric radiography and radiation therapy: guidelines on best practice","author":"Irish Institute of Radiography and Radiation Therapy","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0041","series-title":"Patient care in radiography: with an introduction to medical imaging","author":"Ehrlich","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0042","series-title":"The child and the law: the roles and responsibilities of the radiographer","author":"Society and College of Radiographers","year":"2005"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3153-3","article-title":"ESPR adopts British guidelines for imaging in suspected non-accidental injury as the European standard","volume":"44","author":"Offiah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0044","series-title":"Guideline for imaging of suspected non-accidental injury","author":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jofri.2019.09.001","article-title":"A literature review of best practice for radiographers when imaging suspected non-accidental injury or physical abuse of children in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"20","author":"Doyle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2020.12.011","article-title":"Exploration of Ghanaian radiographers' reporting of suspected physical abuse amongst children","volume":"27","author":"Antwi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2018.10.002","article-title":"Behavioural beliefs of Ghanaian radiographers and reporting of child physical abuse","volume":"25","author":"Antwi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiography"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1939865426000093?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1939865426000093?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:20:55Z","timestamp":1786965655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1939865426000093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1939865426000093"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-8654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-8654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Roles of diagnostic radiographers in child protection from physical abuse: A narrative review of non-policies, policies and legislation in Zambia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmir.2026.102195","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102195"}}