{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:06:18Z","timestamp":1790197578512,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jneb.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:41:34Z","timestamp":1790196094000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Barriers and Facilitators to Effectiveness of Nutrition and Health Education in Reducing Child Malnutrition in India"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6873-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"family":"Saroj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oyinlola","family":"Oyebode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0001","series-title":"Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF \/WHO \/ World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: key findings of the 2023 edition","first-page":"1","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0002","series-title":"How is India doing on malnutrition and non communicable diseases? Insights from the National Family Health surveys (2005 06 to 2019 21)","first-page":"1","author":"Kapoor","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0003","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Burden of childhood malnutrition: a roadmap of global and European policies promoting healthy nutrition for infants and young children","volume":"9","author":"Sotiraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0004","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Journey of first 1000 days. Published online April 2018.https:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/images\/pdf\/programmes\/RBSK\/Resource_Documents\/Journey_of_The_First_1000_Days.pdf. Accessed August 20, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0005","series-title":"An Investment Framework for Nutrition: Reaching the Global Targets for Stunting, Anemia, Breastfeeding, and Wasting","author":"Shekar","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(01)80135-0","article-title":"Integrated child development serivces (ICDS) scheme","volume":"57","author":"Sachdev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0007","series-title":"Anganwadi Centres. Beneficiaries, and funds released under the scheme","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12531","article-title":"India\u2019s integrated child development services scheme: challenges for scaling up","volume":"44","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0009","author":"Madan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_484_21","article-title":"Coverage vs Utilization of integrated child services scheme (ICDS): a community based study in urban block of Patiala, Punjab (India)","volume":"11","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.25082\/SWSW.2021.02.003","article-title":"An evaluation study of Anganwadis under ICDS in India","volume":"3","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soc Work Soc Welf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.51957\/Healthline_385_2022","article-title":"Evaluation of the integrated child development services scheme in a hilly tribal district of Manipur: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Touthang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthline"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.55289\/jnutres\/v2i1.3","article-title":"Assessing gaps in Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices and capacity building of functionaries and beneficiaries of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) for improved outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Chandorkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya R., Ravi J. What are the micro-level barriers to better nutrition service delivery and utilization? Qualitative evaluation of the beneficiary experience from the Integrated Child Development Services in India. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31124\/advance.14909583.","DOI":"10.31124\/advance.14909583"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.874104","article-title":"District level geospatial analysis of utilization of ICDS services among children in India","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0016","first-page":"1193","article-title":"ICDS and persistent undernutrition: strategies to enhance the impact","volume":"41","author":"Gragnolati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ Polit Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0017","unstructured":"NIPCCD. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme guidelines for monitoring & supervision of scheme. Published online 2014.https:\/\/www.nipccd.nic.in\/uploads\/pdf\/Guidelines-Revisied-since-2013-14pdf-8cd00664133cd895a5e3b69cf53f329e.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0018","unstructured":"Ministry of Women and Child Development. District manual \u2013 Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS). Published online 2017. https:\/\/cdn.s3waas.gov.in\/s3c06d06da9666a219db15cf575aff2824\/uploads\/2018\/12\/2018122050.pdf. Accessed August 29, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0019","first-page":"115","article-title":"The effectiveness of community-based nutrition education on the nutrition status of under-five children in developing countries. A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Majamanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malawi Med J J Med Assoc Malawi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0020","article-title":"Effectiveness of a culturally appropriate nutrition educational intervention delivered through health services to improve growth and complementary feeding of infants: a quasi-experimental study from Chandigarh, India","volume":"15","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0021","first-page":"16","article-title":"Nutritional and health education services under integrated child development services in an urban area of North Karnataka","volume":"7","author":"Mundodan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl J Community Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.184544","article-title":"Evaluation of integrated Child Development Services program in Gujarat, India for the years 2012 to 2015","volume":"60","author":"Chudasama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0023","first-page":"1","volume":"1","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi S., Sengupta P., Das A., Gaarder M., Bhattacharya U. Mapping implementation research on nutrition-specific interventions in India. International Initiative for Impact. Evaluation. (3ie):2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23846\/WP0038.","DOI":"10.23846\/WP0038"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0025","unstructured":"NIPCCD. Three decades of ICDS\u2014an appraisal. Published online 2006. https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/288644445\/eicds. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-019X.141543","article-title":"Evaluation of nutritional and other activities at Anganwadi centers under integrated child development services program in different districts of Gujarat, India","volume":"4","author":"Chudasama","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Nutr Nutraceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0027","first-page":"2","article-title":"Evaluation of functioning of ICDS project areas under Indore and Ujjain divisions of the state of Madhya Pradesh","volume":"9","author":"Dixit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Online J Health Allied Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0028","unstructured":"Kumar P. Tracking hunger and nutrition SDG targets: gaps, challenges and possibilities. www.orfonline.org; 2023.https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/research\/tracking-hunger-and-nutrition-sdg-targets-gaps-challenges-and-possibilities?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed August 20, 2025."},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007298","article-title":"Can digitally enabling community health and nutrition workers improve services delivery to pregnant women and mothers of infants? Quasi-experimental evidence from a national-scale nutrition programme in India","volume":"6","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0030","author":"Poshan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzab081","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzab081","article-title":"Understanding implementation and improving nutrition interventions: barriers and facilitators of using data strategically to inform the implementation of maternal nutrition in Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0032","unstructured":"Adhikari SK, Bredenkamp C. Moving towards an outcomes-oriented approach to nutrition program monitoring: the India ICDS program. Published online June 2009. World Bank.https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/276711468267625639\/pdf\/494830WP0Box341enkampIndiaICDSFINAL.pdf. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.37506\/9xedyk96","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive, attitudinal and behavioural competence of anganwadi workers regarding integrated child development services (Icds) services in district Dehradun, Uttarakhand","volume":"16","author":"Jaguri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2008.192","article-title":"Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups","volume":"204","author":"Gill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042","article-title":"Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups","volume":"19","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-024-02022-5","article-title":"Purposive sampling in qualitative research: a framework for the entire journey","volume":"59","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Qual Quant Int J Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0037","unstructured":"Zoom. Zoom workplace. zoom. https:\/\/www.zoom.com. Accessed August 19, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0038","unstructured":"Google. Google Workspace; 2025. https:\/\/workspace.google.com. Accessed June 20, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1704846","article-title":"To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales","volume":"13","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual Res Sport Exerc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315576699","article-title":"Data were saturated","volume":"25","author":"Morse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/14413582241264619","article-title":"What is qualitative research? An overview and guidelines","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Australas Mark J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069231205789","article-title":"A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research","volume":"22","author":"Naeem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.08.009","article-title":"The Dahlgren-Whitehead model of health determinants: 30 years on and still chasing rainbows","volume":"199","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09062-0","article-title":"A scoping review of evaluation frameworks and their applicability to real-world physical activity and dietary change programme evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Fynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0044","first-page":"3689","article-title":"Rethinking ICDS: A rights based perspective","volume":"41","author":"Sinha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Econ Polit Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0045","unstructured":"Acharya N, Bose M. Delay in fund flow: consequences, causes and remedies. In: Fiscal Governance Reforms at District Level for Improving Fund Flow and Utilisation in Development Schemes. Policy Brief. Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability and Tata Trusts. 2020;3:1\u201312.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344607770_Delay_in_Fund_Flow_Consequences_Causes_and_Remedies. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9192(95)00060-7","article-title":"The role of international NGOs in promoting nutrition rights","volume":"21","author":"Skogly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0047","article-title":"Effectiveness of NGO-government partnership to prevent and treat child wasting in urban India","volume":"15","author":"Chanani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/20356","article-title":"Social and behavior change communication interventions delivered face-to-face and by a mobile phone to strengthen vaccination uptake and improve child health in Rural India: randomized pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Johri","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR MHealth UHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui C. An evaluation of the common application systems (CAS) for Anganwadi Workers in India. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/ISRCTN83902145.","DOI":"10.1186\/ISRCTN83902145"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0050","unstructured":"Ghosh S. Improving quality of nutrition services the way to Suposhit Bharat. www.outlookindia.com; 2023.https:\/\/www.outlookindia.com\/poshan\/improving-quality-of-nutrition-services-the-way-to-suposhit-bharat-news-190494. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0051","first-page":"9","article-title":"Universalising ICDS: skewed outreach and poor service delivery","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"CBGA Budg Track"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1111\/dpr.12344","article-title":"Can vigilance-focused governance reforms improve service delivery? The case of Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) in Bihar, India","volume":"36","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Policy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/2455133321999852","article-title":"Infrastructure for delivery of integrated child development services and uptake of pre-school education services: insights from Palghar, India","volume":"6","author":"Joe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dev Policy Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0054","first-page":"494","article-title":"A study on utilization of ICDS scheme among children bellow 6 years age, in an urban area of Agartala, Tripura","volume":"5","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Appl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0055","first-page":"LC18","article-title":"Utilisation of supplementary nutritional services of ICDS by paediatric beneficiaries of Central Kerala, India: A cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Abraham","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-2870.135270","article-title":"Perceived responsibilities and operational difficulties of anganwadi workers at a coastal south Indian city","volume":"7","author":"Kamath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med J Dr Patil Univ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0057","article-title":"Accelerating actions against malnutrition: A call for strengthening the capacity of health and nutrition program staff in Devbhumi Dwarka, Gujarat","volume":"14","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20194991","article-title":"Knowledge of anganwadi workers about integrated child development services: a study in Sitamarhi district of Bihar, India","volume":"7","author":"Ranjan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0059","first-page":"243","article-title":"Three decades of the integrated child development services program in India: progress and problems","volume":"14","author":"Awofeso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1759-5436.2009.00058.x","article-title":"ICDS in India: policy, design and delivery issues","volume":"40","author":"Saxena","year":"2009","journal-title":"IDS Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0061","first-page":"228","article-title":"Problems of the Anganwadi workers","volume":"8","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res Ideas Innov Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0062","unstructured":"Sethi N. Close monitoring can be a boon for ICDS.www.orissapost.com, 2019.https:\/\/www.orissapost.com\/close-monitoring-can-be-a-boon-for-icds\/. Accessed August 25, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1772_18","article-title":"Nutrition communication - Rhetoric & reality","volume":"149","author":"Gavaravarapu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1499404626004392?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1499404626004392?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:41:43Z","timestamp":1790196103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1499404626004392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S1499404626004392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["1499-4046"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1499-4046","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Barriers and Facilitators to Effectiveness of Nutrition and Health Education in Reducing Child Malnutrition in India","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneb.2026.07.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}