{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:06:54Z","timestamp":1792519614998,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroscience Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T16:23:30Z","timestamp":1670257410000},"page":"109761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A microfluidic perspective on conventional in vitro transcranial direct current stimulation methods"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"385","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Shaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Otte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Asplund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2646-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Vlachos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.09.002","article-title":"Ephaptic coupling to endogenous electric field activity: why bother?","volume":"31","author":"Anastassiou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2727","article-title":"Ephaptic coupling of cortical neurons","volume":"14","author":"Anastassiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.35.1.1","article-title":"Galvanotaxis of slime mold","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. General Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(1996)6:1<79::AID-HIPO13>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Dendritic electrogenesis in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons: functional aspects of Na+ and Ca2+ currents in apical dendrites","volume":"6","author":"Andreasen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.10.001","article-title":"Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans","volume":"1","author":"Antal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203727","article-title":"Electrical fields induced inside the rat brain with skin, skull, and dural placements of the current injection electrode","volume":"14","author":"Asan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of glass micro-electrodes for local electric field, electrical conductivity, and pH measurements","volume":"10","author":"Asano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2021.101580","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation for treating neurogenic dysarthria: A systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Balzan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"issue":"8437","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92413-4","article-title":"Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex","volume":"325","author":"Barker","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202104701","article-title":"Poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based neural interfaces for recording and stimulation: Fundamental aspects and in Vivo applications","author":"Bianchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.11.005","article-title":"The \u201cquasi-uniform\u201d assumption in animal and computational models of non-invasive electrical stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Bikson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00467.2003","article-title":"Depolarization block of neurons during maintenance of electrographic seizures","volume":"90","author":"Bikson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772","article-title":"Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro","volume":"557","author":"Bikson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007425","article-title":"The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects","volume":"172","author":"Bindman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0389-2","article-title":"Tutorial: guidelines for standardized performance tests for electrodes intended for neural interfaces and bioelectronics","volume":"15","author":"Boehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.244764","article-title":"Evidence for long-lasting subcortical facilitation by transcranial direct current stimulation in the cat","volume":"591","author":"Bolzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-014-9834-8","article-title":"A microfluidic cell co-culture platform with a liquid fluorocarbon separator","volume":"16","author":"Brewer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Brunoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx158","article-title":"Neuromodulation of axon terminals","volume":"28","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.002","article-title":"Treatment with direct-current stimulation against cingulate seizure-like activity induced by 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline in an in vitro mouse model","volume":"265","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exper. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0499-9","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation","volume":"25","author":"Chase","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160518","article-title":"Neural stimulation and recording electrodes","volume":"10","author":"Cogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(62)90056-0","article-title":"Influence of transcortical dc currents on cortical neuronal activity","volume":"5","author":"Creutzfeldt","year":"1962","journal-title":"Exper. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1901.sp000837","article-title":"Galvanotaxis and chemotaxis of ciliate infusoria: Part I","volume":"26","author":"Dale","year":"1901","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0470-z","article-title":"Control of cortical oscillatory frequency by a closed-loop system","volume":"16","author":"D\u2019Andola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b26","article-title":"Modulation of slow and fast oscillations by direct current stimulation in the cerebral cortex in vitro","author":"D\u2019Andola","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2020.2966920","article-title":"Biointegrated and wirelessly powered implantable brain devices: A review","volume":"14","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.252","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with skull defects and skull plates: high-resolution computational FEM study of factors altering cortical current flow","volume":"52","author":"Datta","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.062","article-title":"Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and transcranial pulsed current stimulation: a computer based high-resolution modeling study","volume":"65","author":"Datta","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.10.014","article-title":"One century of healing currents into the brain from the scalp: From electroconvulsive therapy to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"133","author":"Di\u00a0Iorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b31","series-title":"Models of Seizures and Epilepsy","first-page":"23","article-title":"Cell culture models for studying epilepsy","author":"Dichter","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95407-7","article-title":"Suppression of top-down influence decreases neuronal excitability and contrast sensitivity in the V1 cortex of cat","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.049","article-title":"Targeted transcranial direct current stimulation for rehabilitation after stroke","volume":"75","author":"Dmochowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.042","article-title":"Physiological and modeling evidence for focal transcranial electrical brain stimulation in humans: a basis for high-definition tDCS","volume":"74","author":"Edwards","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.98.1.296","article-title":"Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields","volume":"98","author":"Erickson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0368-20.2020","article-title":"Limited sensitivity of hippocampal synaptic function or network oscillations to unmodulated kilohertz electric fields","volume":"7","author":"Esmaeilpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"ENeuro"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.03.001","article-title":"Effects of direct current stimulation on synaptic plasticity in a single neuron","volume":"14","author":"Farahani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194511000-00009","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy in the Prone position","volume":"102","author":"Feldman","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Nervous Mental Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-194511000-00010","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy of acute hysteria","volume":"102","author":"Feldman","year":"1945","journal-title":"J. Nervous Mental Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.098","article-title":"TDCS-enhanced motor and cognitive function in neurological diseases","volume":"85","author":"Fl\u00f6el","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0530","article-title":"Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology\u2014perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS","volume":"3","author":"Fregni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035","article-title":"Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: potential implications for motor learning","volume":"66","author":"Fritsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.06.005","article-title":"Endogenous electric fields may guide neocortical network activity","volume":"67","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.08.007","article-title":"Electrified microglia: Impact of direct current stimulation on diverse properties of the most versatile brain cell","volume":"14","author":"Gellner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.09.004","article-title":"Age-related differences of motor cortex plasticity in adults: a transcranial direct current stimulation study","volume":"13","author":"Ghasemian-Shirvan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.018","article-title":"Ephaptic coupling promotes synchronous firing of cerebellar purkinje cells","volume":"100","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc21142d","article-title":"Brain slice on a chip: opportunities and challenges of applying microfluidic technology to intact tissues","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab on A Chip"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.086","article-title":"Organotypic brain slice cultures: A review","volume":"305","author":"Humpel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2750515","article-title":"Pulse-clamp technique for characterizing neural-stimulating electrodes","volume":"154","author":"Hung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.08.016","article-title":"Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: methods and mechanisms","volume":"127","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013897","article-title":"Influence of electric fields on the excitability of granule cells in guinea-pig hippocampal slices","volume":"319","author":"Jefferys","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00715.2011","article-title":"Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampus","volume":"107","author":"Kabakov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b53","first-page":"137","article-title":"Repeated anodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces neural plasticity-associated gene expression in the rat cortex and hippocampus","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.020","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates associative learning and alters functional connectivity in the primate brain","volume":"27","author":"Krause","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.10.001","article-title":"Direct current stimulation modulates LTP and LTD: activity dependence and dendritic effects","volume":"10","author":"Kronberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.014","article-title":"Direct current stimulation boosts hebbian plasticity in vitro","volume":"13","author":"Kronberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of non-invasive brain stimulation with direct currents (tDCS) in neuropsychiatric diseases","volume":"85","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.08.014","article-title":"Direct current stimulation alters neuronal input\/output function","volume":"10","author":"Lafon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29069-3","article-title":"Chronic electrical stimulation promotes the excitability and plasticity of ESC-derived neurons following glutamate-induced inhibition in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Latchoumane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120949","article-title":"SIROF stabilized PEDOT\/PSS allows biocompatible and reversible direct current stimulation capable of driving electrotaxis in cells","volume":"275","author":"Leal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b61","series-title":"Vitro Neurotoxicology","first-page":"115","article-title":"Acute hippocampal slice preparation and hippocampal slice cultures","author":"Lein","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.033209","article-title":"Local suppression of epileptiform activity by electrical stimulation in rat hippocampus in vitro","volume":"547","author":"Lian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.4.2465","article-title":"Lymphocyte electrotaxis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"181","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2009.04.005","article-title":"A reversible surface functionalized nanowire transistor to study protein\u2013protein interactions","volume":"4","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b65","article-title":"Direct-current stimulation and multi-electrode array recording of seizure-like activity in mice brain slice preparation","volume":"112","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exper. JoVE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00097","article-title":"Network remodeling induced by transcranial brain stimulation: A computational model of tDCS-triggered cell assembly formation","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Netw. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b67","series-title":"Kirsche: Connecting your references","author":"Ma","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1039\/b916791a","article-title":"DC conductivity and dielectric properties in silver chloride, revisited","volume":"12","author":"Mebane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b69","article-title":"Electric field-controlled directed migration of neural progenitor cells in 2D and 3D environments","volume":"60","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exper. JoVE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2004.10.020","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols","volume":"141","author":"Merrill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0291-16.2016","article-title":"Impedance spectrum in cortical tissue: Implications for propagation of LFP signals on the microscopic level","volume":"4","author":"Miceli","year":"2017","journal-title":"ENeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.08.012","article-title":"Astrocytes as a target of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to treat depression","volume":"126","author":"Monai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11100","article-title":"Calcium imaging reveals glial involvement in transcranial direct current stimulation-induced plasticity in mouse brain","volume":"7","author":"Monai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2054671","article-title":"The role of oxygen reduction in electrical stimulation of neural tissue","volume":"141","author":"Morton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0581-1","article-title":"Beyond the target area: an integrative view of tDCS-induced motor cortex modulation in patients and athletes","volume":"16","author":"Morya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.M2011273","article-title":"Electrical conductivity enhancement of PTFE (teflon) induced by homogeneous low voltage electron beam irradiation (HLEBI)","volume":"53","author":"Nishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans","volume":"553","author":"Nitsche","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(83)90284-7","article-title":"Embryonic cell motility can be guided by physiological electric fields","volume":"147","author":"Nuccitelli","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exper. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.12.007","article-title":"Top-down influence affects the response adaptation of V1 neurons in cats","volume":"167","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-018-2083-0","article-title":"Microstructure, surface chemistry and electrochemical response of Ag\u2014AgCl sensors in alkaline media","volume":"53","author":"Pargar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu090","article-title":"The morphological and molecular changes of brain cells exposed to direct current electric field stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Pelletier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199807130-00020","article-title":"Polarization of the human motor cortex through the scalp","volume":"9","author":"Priori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b84","series-title":"2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","first-page":"6481","article-title":"One-dimensional representation of a neuron in a uniform electric field","author":"Radman","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b85","series-title":"2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","first-page":"4949","article-title":"Amplification of small electric fields by neurons; implications for spike timing","author":"Radman","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.007","article-title":"Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Radman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0095-07.2007","article-title":"Spike timing amplifies the effect of electric fields on neurons: implications for endogenous field effects","volume":"27","author":"Radman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273005","article-title":"Direct current stimulation boosts synaptic gain and cooperativity in vitro","volume":"595","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.247171","article-title":"Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: somatic and synaptic terminal effects","volume":"591","author":"Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-1974-9-1040","article-title":"Electrotaxis of the brittle star","volume":"29","author":"Rakshit","year":"1974","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00dcR Naturforschung C"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00319.2011","article-title":"Modulation of LTP at rat hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses by direct current stimulation","volume":"107","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00208.2014","article-title":"Lasting modulation of in vitro oscillatory activity with weak direct current stimulation","volume":"113","author":"Reato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2059-10.2010","article-title":"Low-intensity electrical stimulation affects network dynamics by modulating population rate and spike timing","volume":"30","author":"Reato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc7772","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc7772","article-title":"Modulation of intercolumnar synchronization by endogenous electric fields in cerebral cortex","volume":"7","author":"Rebollo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32834c3db0","article-title":"Modulation of motor performance and motor learning by transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Reis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00648-8","article-title":"Alleviating toxic \u03b1-synuclein accumulation by membrane depolarization: evidence from an in vitro model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001926","article-title":"Letter to the editor: Brief history of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): from electric fishes to microcontrollers","volume":"46","author":"Sarmiento","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2015.12.007","article-title":"Analytical methods to determine electrochemical factors in electrotaxis setups and their implications for experimental design","volume":"109","author":"Schopf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1245-0","article-title":"Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on posterior parietal cortex disrupts visuo-spatial processing in the contralateral visual field","volume":"186","author":"Schweid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02447-7","article-title":"In vivo modulation of the blood\u2013brain barrier permeability by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)","volume":"48","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaav8002","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav8002","article-title":"Raising fluid walls around living cells","volume":"5","author":"Soitu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5926","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805449115","article-title":"Microfluidic chambers using fluid walls for cell biology","volume":"115","author":"Soitu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.205","article-title":"Application of direct current electric fields to cells and tissues in vitro and modulation of wound electric field in vivo","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00689766","article-title":"Histopathological evaluation of materials implanted in the cerebral cortex","volume":"41","author":"Stensaas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b105","series-title":"2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology","first-page":"2053","article-title":"Reduced spatial focality of electrical field in tDCS with ring electrodes due to tissue anisotropy","author":"Suh","year":"2010"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6961","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/21\/6961","article-title":"Influence of anisotropic conductivity in the skull and white matter on transcranial direct current stimulation via an anatomically realistic finite element head model","volume":"57","author":"Suh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b107","first-page":"314","article-title":"Influence of potential difference and current on the electrotaxis of Caenorhaditis elegans","volume":"10","author":"Sukul","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25822","article-title":"Drug-responsive inhomogeneous cortical modulation by direct current stimulation","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24708","article-title":"Direct current stimulation induces mGluR5-dependent neocortical plasticity","volume":"80","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4248-08.2008","article-title":"Increasing human brain excitability by transcranial high-frequency random noise stimulation","volume":"28","author":"Terney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.42.9.687","article-title":"Measurement of imposed voltage gradient adequate to modulate neuronal firing","volume":"42","author":"Terzuolo","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.10.026","article-title":"Neural signature of tDCS, tPCS and their combination: comparing the effects on neural plasticity","volume":"637","author":"Thibaut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113012","article-title":"Transcranial focal electrical stimulation via concentric ring electrodes in freely moving cats: Antiepileptogenic and postictal effects","volume":"320","author":"Vald\u00e9s-Cruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exper. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109832","article-title":"The role of sodium channels in direct current stimulation\u2014axonal perspective","volume":"37","author":"Vasu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Commun."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10690","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182010690","article-title":"Effects of anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on movements in patients with cerebellar ?ataxias: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0303-x","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor inhibition prevents denervation-induced dendritic atrophy","volume":"4","author":"Willems","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.109.6.1405","article-title":"Orientation and directed migration of cultured corneal epithelial cells in small electric fields are serum dependent","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279340","article-title":"Anodal and cathodal tDCS modulate neural activity and selectively affect GABA and glutamate syntheses in the visual cortex of cats","volume":"598","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.10.973.9014","article-title":"Human corneal epithelial cells reorient and migrate cathodally in a small applied electric field","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"issue":"7101","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761_b121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04925","article-title":"Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-\u03b3 and PTEN","volume":"442","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroscience Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165027022002874?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165027022002874?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T01:03:38Z","timestamp":1759021418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165027022002874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S0165027022002874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A microfluidic perspective on conventional in vitro transcranial direct current stimulation methods","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109761","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109761"}}