{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:05:48Z","timestamp":1780635948640,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH129641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH129641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroscience Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:38:43Z","timestamp":1760071123000},"page":"110597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Assessing attentiveness and cognitive engagement across tasks using video-based action understanding in non-human primates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"424","author":[{"given":"Sin-Man","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-4187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Womelsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114519","article-title":"Circuit dynamics of superficial and deep CA1 pyramidal cells and inhibitory cells in freely moving macaques","volume":"43","author":"Abbaspoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05430-w","article-title":"Dissociation of nicotinic alpha7 and alpha4\/beta2 sub-receptor agonists for enhancing learning and attentional filtering in nonhuman primates","volume":"237","author":"Azimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi4883","article-title":"Automated audiovisual behavior recognition in wild primates","volume":"7","author":"Bain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18441-5","article-title":"Automated markerless pose estimation in freely moving macaques with OpenMonkeyStudio","volume":"11","author":"Bala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02319-1","article-title":"Lightning pose: improved animal pose estimation via semi-supervised learning, Bayesian ensembling and cloud-native open-source tools","volume":"21","author":"Biderman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01885","article-title":"Gains and losses affect learning differentially at low and high attentional load","volume":"34","author":"Boroujeni","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02003-z","article-title":"PanAf20K: a large video dataset for wild ape detection and behaviour recognition","volume":"132","author":"Brookes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095216","article-title":"It takes time: vigilance and sustained attention assessment in adults with ADHD","volume":"19","author":"Fuermaier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852922000785","article-title":"Attentional problems occur across multiple psychiatric disorders and are not specific for ADHD","volume":"28","author":"Grant","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib11","first-page":"100","article-title":"A K-Means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2021.11.012","article-title":"Dose-Dependent dissociation of Pro-cognitive effects of donepezil on attention and cognitive flexibility in rhesus monkeys","volume":"3","author":"Hassani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Glob. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46466-4_3","article-title":"DeeperCut: a deeper, stronger, and faster Multi-person pose estimation model","volume":"9910","author":"Insafutdinov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61909","article-title":"Real-time, low-latency closed-loop feedback using markerless posture tracking","volume":"9","author":"Kane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059785","article-title":"Head-mounted eye tracking of a chimpanzee under naturalistic conditions","volume":"8","author":"Kano","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109730","article-title":"Anipose: a toolkit for robust markerless 3D pose estimation","volume":"36","author":"Karashchuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.10.031","article-title":"Multisensory coding of angular head velocity in the retrosplenial cortex","volume":"110","author":"Keshavarzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib18","article-title":"MacaquePose: a novel \"in the wild\" macaque monkey pose dataset for markerless motion capture","volume":"14","author":"Labuguen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.24272\/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.449","article-title":"Deep learning-based activity recognition and fine motor identification using 2D skeletons of cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib20","article-title":"Deep Learning-Based markerless hand tracking for freely moving Non-Human primates in Brain\u2013Machine interface applications","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.11.016","article-title":"Continuous Whole-Body 3D kinematic recordings across the rodent behavioral repertoire","volume":"109","author":"Marshall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2022.02.002","article-title":"Leaving flatland: advances in 3D behavioral measurement","volume":"73","author":"Marshall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y","article-title":"DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning","volume":"21","author":"Mathis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn1355","article-title":"Three-dimensional markerless motion capture of multiple freely behaving monkeys toward automated characterization of social behavior","volume":"11","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3628","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy","volume":"11","author":"Millan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib26","first-page":"6110","article-title":"Quantifying the kinematic features of dexterous finger movements in nonhuman primates with markerless tracking","author":"North","year":"2021","journal-title":"43rd Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. (EMBC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0688-5","article-title":"A quantitative reward prediction error signal in the ventral pallidum","volume":"23","author":"Ottenheimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01426-1","article-title":"SLEAP: a deep learning system for multi-animal pose tracking","volume":"19","author":"Pereira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.30","article-title":"Vicarious trial and error","volume":"17","author":"Redish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00039","article-title":"Non-invasive eye tracking methods for new world and old world monkeys","volume":"13","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01654-9","article-title":"DeepLabStream enables closed-loop behavioral experiments using deep learning-based markerless, real-time posture detection","volume":"4","author":"Schweihoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412954122","article-title":"Active vision in freely moving marmosets using head-mounted eye tracking","volume":"122","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.05.018","article-title":"Adaptive reinforcement learning is causally supported by anterior cingulate cortex and striatum","volume":"113","author":"Treuting","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02653-y","article-title":"Computer vision for primate behavior analysis in the wild","author":"Vogg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113091","article-title":"Hierarchical action encoding in prefrontal cortex of freely moving macaques","volume":"42","author":"Voloh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-1097-5","article-title":"Quaddles: a multidimensional 3-D object set with parametrically controlled and customizable features","volume":"51","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Res Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib37","article-title":"A Multi-task platform for profiling cognitive and motivational constructs in humans and nonhuman primates","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib38","series-title":"Proc Cvpr Ieee","first-page":"4724","article-title":"Convolutional pose machines","author":"Wei","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003255","article-title":"Flexible learning and Re-ordering of Context-dependent object sequences in Non-human primates","volume":"23","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00706-3","article-title":"Revealing the structure of pharmacobehavioral space through motion sequencing","volume":"23","author":"Wiltschko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.721069","article-title":"A kiosk station for the assessment of multiple cognitive domains and cognitive enrichment of monkeys","volume":"15","author":"Womelsdorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597_bib42","article-title":"Automated 3D analysis of social head-gaze behaviors in freely moving marmosets","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioRxiv"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroscience Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165027025002419?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165027025002419?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:43:49Z","timestamp":1780634629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165027025002419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0165027025002419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessing attentiveness and cognitive engagement across tasks using video-based action understanding in non-human primates","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110597","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110597"}}