{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:23:25Z","timestamp":1784211805256,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["57702891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57702891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Republic of Serbia Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451\\u201303\\u2013136\/2025\\u201303\/200015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451\\u201303\\u2013136\/2025\\u201303\/200015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XS.25.01.035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XS.25.01.035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101059369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101059369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AN 687\/9\\u20131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AN 687\/9\\u20131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16SV9248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16SV9248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101057367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101057367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroscience Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T07:44:53Z","timestamp":1771832693000},"page":"110723","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"430","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0056-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miles","family":"Wischnewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Ogircin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u0161a R.","family":"Filipovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Bjeki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1548478","article-title":"Neuroplastic effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from mechanisms to clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Agboada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib2","first-page":"1221","article-title":"A minimum effective dose for (transcranial) alternating current stimulation","volume":"15","author":"Alekseichuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib4","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017\u20132025: An update) \u2013 endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation and by the International Federation for","author":"Antal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.10.001","article-title":"Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans","volume":"1","author":"Antal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3616807","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current and random noise stimulation: possible mechanisms","volume":"2016","author":"Antal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asan, A.S., Sahin, M., 2019. Modulation of Multiunit Spike Activity by Transcranial AC Stimulation (tACS) in the Rat Cerebellar Cortex, in: 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Presented at the 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 5192\u20135195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856830.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856830"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.015","article-title":"Neurovascular-modulation: a review of primary vascular responses to transcranial electrical stimulation as a mechanism of action","volume":"14","author":"Bahr-Hosseini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90293-2","article-title":"Influences of sinusoidal electric fields on excitability in the rat hippocampal slice","volume":"323","author":"Bawin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90461-0","article-title":"Comparison between the effects of extracellular direct and sinusoidal currents on excitability in hippocampal slices","volume":"362","author":"Bawin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib11","first-page":"802","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex elicits an immediate transcranial evoked potential","volume":"17","author":"Beck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Basic Transl. Clin. Res. Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22468-7","article-title":"Toward integrative approaches to study the causal role of neural oscillations via transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Beliaeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00437.2009","article-title":"Acute changes in motor cortical excitability during slow oscillatory and constant anodal transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"102","author":"Bergmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.03.001","article-title":"Transcranial slow oscillation stimulation during sleep enhances memory consolidation in rats","volume":"7","author":"Binder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib15","first-page":"220","article-title":"Transcranial slow oscillation stimulation during NREM sleep enhances acquisition of the radial maze task and modulates cortical network activity in rats","volume":"7","author":"Binder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007425","article-title":"The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects","volume":"172","author":"Bindman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091367","article-title":"Determining the individual theta frequency for associative memory targeted personalized transcranial brain stimulation","volume":"12","author":"Bjeki\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pers. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040472","article-title":"Personalized frequency modulated transcranial electrical stimulation for associative memory enhancement","volume":"12","author":"Bjeki\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2024.1468538","article-title":"The subjective experience of transcranial electrical stimulation: a within-subject comparison of tolerability and side effects between tDCS, tACS, and otDCS","volume":"18","author":"Bjeki\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.12.015","article-title":"Both anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation improves semantic processing","volume":"343","author":"Br\u00fcckner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.012","article-title":"Slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS) during slow wave sleep has no effects on declarative memory in healthy young subjects","volume":"12","author":"Bueno-Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib22","article-title":"Frequency-dependent effects of oscillatory-tDCS on egg oscillations: a study with better oscillation detection method (BOSC)","author":"D\u2019Atri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. De. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.01.410","article-title":"Slow-oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation modulates memory in temporal lobe epilepsy by altering sleep spindle generators: a possible rehabilitation tool","volume":"8","author":"Del Felice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13640","article-title":"Does transcranial electrical stimulation enhance corticospinal excitability of the motor cortex in healthy individuals? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.05.006","article-title":"No effects of slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on sleep-dependent memory consolidation in healthy elderly subjects","volume":"6","author":"Eggert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.08.025","article-title":"Tolerability and blinding of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation among older adults at intensities of up to 4 mA per electrode","volume":"16","author":"El Jamal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01209-9","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from basic mechanisms towards first applications in psychiatry","volume":"271","author":"Elyamany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120572","article-title":"The phase of tACS-entrained pre-SMA beta oscillations modulates motor inhibition","volume":"290","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.007","article-title":"Transcranial electric stimulation modulates firing rate at clinically relevant intensities","volume":"17","author":"Farahani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.06.005","article-title":"Endogenous electric fields may guide neocortical network activity","volume":"67","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gri\u0161kova-Bulanova, I., Tarailis, P., \u017divanovi\u0107, M., Filipovi\u0107, S., Bjeki\u0107, J., 2025. EEG Microstates Reveal Differential Network Dynamics under Constant Current and Oscillatory Brain Stimulation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.10.08.681119.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.08.681119"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaf093","article-title":"Gamma oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation of motor cortex enhances corticospinal excitability and brain connectivity in healthy individuals","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.07.007","article-title":"Working memory enhancement using real-time phase-tuned transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Haslacher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.12.041","article-title":"Entrainment of brain oscillations by transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"24","author":"Helfrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00279","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation: a review of the underlying mechanisms and modulation of cognitive processes","volume":"7","author":"Herrmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0114-9","article-title":"What can transcranial alternating current stimulation tell us about brain oscillations?","volume":"4","author":"Herrmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoornweder, S.V., Nuyts, M., Frieske, J., Verstraelen, S., Meesen, R.L.J., Caulfield, K.A., 2023. A Systematic Review and Large-Scale tES and TMS Electric Field Modeling Study Reveals How Outcome Measure Selection Alters Results in a Person- and Montage-Specific Manner. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.02.22.529540.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.22.529540"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib38","article-title":"Personalizing transcranial electrical stimulation","author":"Hoornweder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. 0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00431","article-title":"Dose\u2013response of tDCS effects on motor learning and cortical excitability: a preregistered study","volume":"3","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Imaging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18834","article-title":"Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23021-2","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation entrains alpha oscillations by preferential phase synchronization of fast-spiking cortical neurons to stimulation waveform","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0134-5","article-title":"What effect does tDCS have on the brain? Basic physiology of tDCS","volume":"4","author":"Jamil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz2747","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on spike timing in awake nonhuman primates","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00245","article-title":"Sustained aftereffect of \u03b1-tACS lasts up to 70\u2009min after stimulation","volume":"10","author":"Kasten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1137\/0141042","article-title":"Integrate-and-fire models of nerve membrane response to oscillatory input","volume":"41","author":"Keener","year":"1981","journal-title":"SIAM J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9389","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1390-17.2017","article-title":"Simultaneously excitatory and inhibitory effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation revealed using selective pulse-train stimulation in the rat motor cortex","volume":"37","author":"Khatoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15460","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904438106","article-title":"Slow oscillation electrical brain stimulation during waking promotes EEG theta activity and memory encoding","volume":"106","author":"Kirov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13877","article-title":"Efficacy of slow oscillatory-transcranial direct current stimulation on EEG and memory - contribution of an inter-individual factor","volume":"47","author":"Koo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9110324","article-title":"Distinct montages of slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS) constitute different mechanisms during quiet wakefulness","volume":"9","author":"Koo-Poeggel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001973","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation: how can a simple conductor orchestrate complex brain activity?","volume":"21","author":"Krause","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815958116","article-title":"Transcranial alternating current stimulation entrains single-neuron activity in the primate brain","volume":"116","author":"Krause","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001650","article-title":"Brain stimulation competes with ongoing oscillations for control of spike timing in the primate brain","volume":"20","author":"Krause","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.09.020","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation facilitates associative learning and alters functional connectivity in the primate brain","volume":"27","author":"Krause","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.11.004","article-title":"Individualized beta-band oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex enhances corticomuscular coherence and corticospinal excitability in healthy individuals","volume":"15","author":"Kudo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2022.05.006","article-title":"Towards optimization of oscillatory stimulation during sleep","volume":"26","author":"Ladenbauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.06.057","article-title":"Brain stimulation during an afternoon nap boosts slow oscillatory activity and memory consolidation in older adults","volume":"142","author":"Ladenbauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7111","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0260-17.2017","article-title":"Promoting sleep oscillations and their functional coupling by transcranial stimulation enhances memory consolidation in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"37","author":"Ladenbauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07233-7","article-title":"Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.12.004","article-title":"High-density theta oscillatory-modulated tDCS over the parietal cortex for targeted memory enhancement","volume":"170","author":"Manojlovi\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05278","article-title":"Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory","volume":"444","author":"Marshall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016905","article-title":"Transcranial electrical currents to probe EEG brain rhythms and memory consolidation during sleep in humans","volume":"6","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106312","article-title":"Harnessing neural variability: implications for brain research and non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"176","author":"Miniussi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2018.1512480","article-title":"Impact of oscillatory tDCS targeting left prefrontal cortex on source memory retrieval","volume":"9","author":"Mizrak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2025.3595925","article-title":"Individual-specific effects of transcranial electrical stimulation on 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses","volume":"33","author":"Mockevi\u010dius","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.07.024","article-title":"Good vibrations: oscillatory phase shapes perception","volume":"63","author":"Neuling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib66","article-title":"Effects of in-scanner bilateral frontal tDCS on functional connectivity of the working memory network in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Nissim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","article-title":"Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Nitsche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.04.016","article-title":"Boosting slow oscillatory activity using tDCS during early nocturnal slow wave sleep does not improve memory consolidation in healthy older adults","volume":"9","author":"Pa\u00dfmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","article-title":"Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"21","author":"Polan\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib71","first-page":"793","article-title":"Transcranial oscillatory direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls","volume":"7","author":"Prehn-Kristensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul. Spec. Issue. NYC Neuromodulation 2015 Conf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1965.28.1.166","article-title":"Intracellular activities and evoked potential changes during polarization of motor cortex","author":"Purpura","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.879006","article-title":"The infraslow frequency oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances sustained attention","volume":"14","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109230","article-title":"Dendritic effects of tDCS insights from a morphologically realistic model neuron","volume":"27","author":"Rathour","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-018-0181-4","article-title":"Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) mechanisms and its effects on cortical excitability and connectivity","volume":"41","author":"Reed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12301","article-title":"Slow oscillating transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep has a sleep-stabilizing effect in chronic insomnia: a pilot study","volume":"24","author":"Saebipour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.03.001","article-title":"Phase of beta-frequency tACS over primary motor cortex modulates corticospinal excitability","volume":"103","author":"Schilberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-016-0005-0","article-title":"Beneficial effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive performance","volume":"1","author":"Schroeder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Enhanc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510","article-title":"Physiology of transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Stagg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. ECT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01300","article-title":"Hippocampal-targeted Theta-burst Stimulation Enhances Associative Memory Formation","volume":"30","author":"Tambini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thielscher, A., Antunes, A., Saturnino, G.B., 2015. Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS?, in: 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Presented at the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), pp. 222\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7318340"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.118953","article-title":"Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on spiking activity in computational models of single neocortical neurons","volume":"250","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000834","article-title":"tACS entrains neural activity while somatosensory input is blocked","volume":"18","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02928-3","article-title":"Direct effects of transcranial electric stimulation on brain circuits in rats and humans","volume":"9","author":"V\u00f6r\u00f6slakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82577-7","article-title":"Theta-modulated oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation over posterior parietal cortex improves associative memory","volume":"11","author":"Vuli\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2012.11.038","article-title":"Effects of 10Hz and 20Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on motor functions and motor cortical excitability","volume":"241","author":"Wach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1252900","article-title":"Targeted enhancement of cortical-hippocampal brain networks and associative memory","volume":"345","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.014","article-title":"Memory improvement via slow-oscillatory stimulation during sleep in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Westerberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.013","article-title":"Neurocognitive, physiological, and biophysical effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"27","author":"Wischnewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy160","article-title":"NMDA receptor-mediated motor cortex plasticity after 20 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Wischnewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.023","article-title":"Effects of beta-tACS on corticospinal excitability: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Wischnewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45898-5","article-title":"Induced neural phase precession through exogenous electric fields","volume":"15","author":"Wischnewski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","article-title":"A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools","volume":"127","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2025.100575","article-title":"Frequency-specific modulations for subcomponents of executive functions in the infra-slow frequency range \u2014A combined O-tDCS and fNIRS study","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, K., Ti, C.E., Hu, C., Tong, R.K., 2023. The Effects of Anodal Oscillatory Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Top-Down Cortico-Muscular Control: A Pilot Study, in: 2023 11th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). Presented at the 2023 11th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER), pp. 01\u201304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123900.","DOI":"10.1109\/NER52421.2023.10123900"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad37d9","article-title":"Intensity- and frequency-specific effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation are explained by network dynamics","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18376-5","article-title":"Effects of online parietal transcranial electric stimulation on associative memory: a direct comparison between tDCS, theta tACS, and theta-oscillatory tDCS","volume":"12","author":"\u017divanovi\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroscience Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165027026000531?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165027026000531?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T08:29:12Z","timestamp":1779006552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165027026000531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["S0165027026000531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-0270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-0270","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2026.110723","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110723"}}