{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:29:04Z","timestamp":1783434544308,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jni-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,20]],"date-time":"2007-07-20T09:38:22Z","timestamp":1184924302000},"page":"17-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Anandamide and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol directly inhibit cells of the immune system via CB2 receptors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"Toby K.","family":"Eisenstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Meissler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiana","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Gaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin W.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00211-9","article-title":"Immunomodulation by cannabinoids is absent in mice deficient for the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor","volume":"396","author":"Buckley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0405216","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors in microglia of the central nervous system: immune functional relevance","volume":"78","author":"Cabral","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00147-3","article-title":"Differential expression of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor by rodent macrophages and macrophage-like cells in relation to cell activation","volume":"2","author":"Carlisle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.1103","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids on LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator release from macrophages: involvement of eicosanoids","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/384083a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of an enzyme that degrades neuromodulatory fatty-acid amides","volume":"384","author":"Cravatt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib6","first-page":"599","article-title":"Further improvements in the plaque technique for detecting single antibody producing cells","volume":"14","author":"Cunningham","year":"1968","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)12361-6","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor proteins are increased in Jurkat, Human T-cell line after mitogen activation","volume":"276","author":"Daaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.1997.16.301","article-title":"Induction of IL-2 receptor \u03b1 gene by \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated by nuclear factor \u03baB and CB1 cannabinoid receptor","volume":"16","author":"Daaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00275-0","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide is a lipid messenger activating cell growth via a cannabinoid receptor-independent pathway in hematopoietic cell lines","volume":"425","author":"Derocq","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15621","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.21.15621","article-title":"Genomic and functional changes induced by the activation of the peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 in the promyelocytic cells HL-60","volume":"275","author":"Derocq","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919","article-title":"Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor","volume":"258","author":"Devane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2373","article-title":"Activation through cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 on dendritic cells triggers NF-\u03baB-dependent apoptosis: novel role for endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids in immunoregulation","volume":"173","author":"Do","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)12208-8","article-title":"Mouse strain differences in immunosuppression by opioids in vitro","volume":"275","author":"Eisenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)39607-2","article-title":"\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: suppression of post-translational events","volume":"267","author":"Fischer-Stenger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib15","series-title":"Psychoneuroimmunology","first-page":"931","article-title":"Immunosuppression by marijuana components","author":"Friedman","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20780.x","article-title":"Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations","volume":"232","author":"Galiegue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01379-7","article-title":"Pharmacological characterisation of cannabinoid receptors inhibiting interleukin 2 release from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"464","author":"Ihenetu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.61.2.446","article-title":"Cannabinol enhancement of interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression by T cells is associated with an increase in IL-2 distal nuclear factor of activated T cell activity","volume":"61","author":"Jan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)00380-4","article-title":"Stimulation of peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 induces MCP-1 and IL-8 gene expression in human promyelocytic cell line HL60","volume":"448","author":"Jbilo","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-004-0509-9","article-title":"Anandamide is an endogenous inhibitor for the migration of tumor cells and T lymphocytes","volume":"53","author":"Joseph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09130-8","article-title":"Identification of a functionally relevant cannabinoid receptor on mouse spleen cells that is involved in cannabinoid-mediated immune modulation","volume":"42","author":"Kaminski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(88)90137-3","article-title":"Suppression by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol of interleukin 2-induced lymphocyte proliferation and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity","volume":"10","author":"Kawakami","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399109531496","article-title":"Marijuana components suppress induction and cytolytic function of murine cytotoxic T-cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"32","author":"Klein","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)12097-1","article-title":"Effects of putative cannabinoid receptor ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonyl-glycerol, on immune function in B6C3F1 mouse splenocytes","volume":"275","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.108381","article-title":"Cannabinoid treatment suppresses the T-helper cell-polarizing function of mouse dendritic cells stimulated with Legionella pneumophila infection","volume":"319","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31938","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005722200","article-title":"Anandamide induces apoptosis in human cells via vanilloid receptors. Evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"275","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)38313-2","article-title":"Cannabinoid inhibition of the processing of intact lysozyme by macrophages: evidence for CB2 receptor participation","volume":"289","author":"McCoy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/243407a0","article-title":"Evidence for the possible immunogenicity of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in rodents","volume":"243","author":"Nahas","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib31","series-title":"Drugs of Abuse, Immunomodulation, and AIDS","first-page":"207","article-title":"The role of macrophages in THC-induce alterations of the cytokine network","author":"Newton","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib32","series-title":"Inverse Agonism","first-page":"75","article-title":"Inverse Agonism at Cannabinoid Receptors","author":"Pertwee","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.10.025","article-title":"Inverse agonism and neural antagonism at cannabinoid CB1 receptors","volume":"76","author":"Pertwee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib34","series-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Cannabinoids","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_1","article-title":"Pharmacological actions of cannabinoids","author":"Pertwee","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(94)00773-X","article-title":"SR141716A, a potent and selective antagonist of the brain cannabinoid receptor","volume":"350","author":"Rinaldi-Carmona","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37266-0","article-title":"SR144528, the first potent and selective antagonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor","volume":"284","author":"Rinaldi-Carmona","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1996.8034","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2: a characterization of expression and adenylate cyclase modulation within the immune system","volume":"142","author":"Schatz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00856-6","article-title":"\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) modulates IL-1 bioactivity in human monocyte\/macrophage cell lines","volume":"54","author":"Shivers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(01)00784-1","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of SR141716A on G-protein activation in rat brain","volume":"414","author":"Sim-Selley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39213-4","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist ligands on production of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in endotoxemic mice","volume":"293","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(95)00107-7","article-title":"Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 maturation and secretion but not its transcription in mouse macrophages","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165572807001853?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165572807001853?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T08:07:12Z","timestamp":1759046832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165572807001853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165572807001853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5728"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5728","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anandamide and \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol directly inhibit cells of the immune system via CB2 receptors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neuroimmunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.06.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}