{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:25:56Z","timestamp":1790735156631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jni-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T10:28:49Z","timestamp":1553077729000},"page":"16-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":322,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"332","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6116","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227901","article-title":"Microglia: scapegoat, saboteur, or something else?","volume":"339","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0010","first-page":"1","article-title":"TLR signaling","volume":"311","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6857","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","article-title":"Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3","volume":"413","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00113-3","article-title":"Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain","volume":"117","author":"Alliot","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0335-8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 activation selectively reverses HIV latency in microglial cells","volume":"14","author":"Alvarez-Carbonell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12134","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in neurodegeneration and repair","volume":"141","author":"Amor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"129","author":"Amor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12233","article-title":"Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases\u2014an update","volume":"142","author":"Amor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-1136(200010)32:1<1::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Astrocyte glutamate transport: review of properties, regulation, and physiological functions","volume":"32","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1207844","article-title":"Pivotal advance: HMGB1 expression in active lesions of human and experimental multiple sclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000135685","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and their role in innate immunity: focus on microbial protein ligands","volume":"15","author":"Areschoug","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contrib. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3495","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinases in innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"Arthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00160","article-title":"TLR7 deficiency leads to TLR8 compensative regulation of immune response against JEV in mice","volume":"8","author":"Awais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-003-0606-5","article-title":"Genomic analysis of immunity in a Urochordate and the emergence of the vertebrate immune system: \u201cWaiting for Godot\u201d","volume":"55","author":"Azumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1279","article-title":"Hyaluronan accumulates in demyelinated lesions and inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation","volume":"11","author":"Back","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22136","article-title":"Interferon-beta inhibits toll-like receptor 9 processing in multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Balashov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02665.2003","article-title":"A cell surface receptor complex for fibrillar beta-amyloid mediates microglial activation","volume":"23","author":"Bamberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440070117","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of microglia","volume":"7","author":"Banati","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.08.062","article-title":"Changes in risk factors and preventive treatments by stroke subtypes over 20 years: a population-based study","volume":"287","author":"Bejot","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.09.030","article-title":"SARM: a novel Toll-like receptor adaptor, is functionally conserved from arthropod to human","volume":"45","author":"Belinda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70008-6","article-title":"Misfolded alpha-synuclein and Toll-like receptors: therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Beraud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinson. Rel. Disord."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.08.007","article-title":"Neuronal 'On' and 'Off' signals control microglia","volume":"30","author":"Biber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200004070-00013","article-title":"Expression of IL-6 in the ischemic penumbra","volume":"11","author":"Block","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.01.019","article-title":"A promiscuous lipid-binding protein diversifies the subcellular sites of toll-like receptor signal transduction","volume":"156","author":"Bonham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0601-5","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Bradl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5480-05.2006","article-title":"Induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in astrocytes by nitric oxide","volume":"26","author":"Brahmachari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.037","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling promotes development and function of sensory neurons required for a C. elegans pathogen-avoidance behavior","volume":"25","author":"Brandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.11.1013","article-title":"Broad expression of Toll-like receptors in the human central nervous system","volume":"61","author":"Bsibsi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6929","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902419","article-title":"The microtubule regulator stathmin is an endogenous protein agonist for TLR3","volume":"184","author":"Bsibsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22767","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 2 and 3 agonists differentially affect oligodendrocyte survival, differentiation, and myelin membrane formation","volume":"90","author":"Bsibsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0057-5","article-title":"Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Butovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601084","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/601084","article-title":"Potential therapeutic effects of neurotrophins for acute and chronic neurological diseases","volume":"2014","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13033","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4290-06.2007","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 is a potent negative regulator of axonal growth in mammals","volume":"27","author":"Cameron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.202","article-title":"Hyaluronan differently modulates TLR-4 and the inflammatory response in mouse chondrocytes","volume":"38","author":"Campo","year":"2012","journal-title":"BioFactors (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.11.021","article-title":"SARM modulates MyD88-mediated TLR activation through BB-loop dependent TIR-TIR interactions","volume":"1863","author":"Carlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2014.12.012","article-title":"Homeostatic interferon expression in neurons is sufficient for early control of viral infection","volume":"279","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0477-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: integrative regulators of neuroinflammation in stroke and other neurological diseases","volume":"13","author":"Cekanaviciute","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180484","article-title":"TLR5 decoy receptor as a novel anti-amyloid therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"215","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4268-04.2005","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 on nonhematopoietic cells sustains CNS inflammation during endotoxemia, independent of systemic cytokines","volume":"25","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1777","article-title":"Peli1 facilitates TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M508125200","article-title":"Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 on microglia promotes cell uptake of Alzheimer disease-associated amyloid \u03b2 peptide","volume":"281","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1603","article-title":"Identification of a key pathway required for the sterile inflammatory response triggered by dying cells","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.4948","article-title":"Role of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (Review)","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.2174\/157339510791823655","article-title":"Astrocytes exert and control immune responses in the brain","volume":"6","author":"Chiara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.06.006","article-title":"Astrocytes: key regulators of neuroinflammation","volume":"37","author":"Colombo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1161\/hs0302.103740","article-title":"Hypoxic-ischemic injury induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha expression in immature rat brain","volume":"33","author":"Cowell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00935-08","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Daffis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7835","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602460103","article-title":"Neurons produce type I interferon during viral encephalitis","volume":"103","author":"Delhaye","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00126-4","article-title":"Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex by TRAF6 requires a dimeric ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex and a unique polyubiquitin chain","volume":"103","author":"Deng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5416-4_14","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease","volume":"65","author":"De-Paula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sub-cellular Biochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070626","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: modulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression by interferon-\u03b2 includes upregulation of TLR7 in plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"8","author":"Derkow","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0053-9","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and cognition: synaptic failure and network dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Di Filippo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0275","first-page":"90","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes and toll-like receptor 2 in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of incidental Lewy body disease cases and Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"2","author":"Doorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu103","article-title":"Toll-like receptor expression in the blood and brain of patients and a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Drouin-Ouellet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1648-8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 is increased in neurons in Parkinson's disease brain and may contribute to alpha-synuclein pathology","volume":"133","author":"Dzamko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/714081","article-title":"Hyaluronan is not a ligand but a regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling in mesangial cells: role of extracellular matrix in innate immunity","volume":"2014","author":"Ebid","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139.2011.561904","article-title":"Toll-like receptor expression and activation in astroglia: differential regulation by HIV-1 Tat, gp120, and morphine","volume":"40","author":"El-Hage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)03082-6","article-title":"Essential roles for NF-kappa B and a Toll\/IL-1 receptor domain-specific signal(s) in the induction of I kappa B-zeta","volume":"301","author":"Eto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2013.0016","article-title":"Innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: effect on transcription of pattern recognition receptors in mouse neuronal cells and brain tissue","volume":"26","author":"Fadnis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07458.x","article-title":"Description of Parkinson's disease as a clinical syndrome","volume":"991","author":"Fahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838138","article-title":"Yaa autoimmune phenotypes are conferred by overexpression of TLR7","volume":"38","author":"Fairhurst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000369933","article-title":"Role of Immunity and Inflammation in the Pathophysiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Degen. Dis."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.09.009","article-title":"Preferential expression and function of Toll-like receptor 3 in human astrocytes","volume":"159","author":"Farina","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.01.005","article-title":"Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity","volume":"28","author":"Farina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12487","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605200103","article-title":"Involvement of Toll-like receptor 5 in the recognition of flagellated bacteria","volume":"103","author":"Feuillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4506","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200202","article-title":"The Asp299Gly polymorphism alters TLR4 signaling by interfering with recruitment of MyD88 and TRIF","volume":"188","author":"Figueroa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70003-0","article-title":"Association between pathological and MRI findings in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Filippi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46252","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306587200","article-title":"The Lip lipoprotein from Neisseria gonorrhoeae stimulates cytokine release and NF-kappaB activation in epithelial cells in a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent manner","volume":"278","author":"Fisette","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ni921","article-title":"IKKepsilon and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway","volume":"4","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"201","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0360","article-title":"Viral CNS infections: role of glial pattern recognition receptors in neuroinflammation","volume":"3","author":"Furr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4784268","article-title":"Linking neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease","volume":"2018","author":"Gelders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31817f4ce0","article-title":"Regulation of apoptotic and inflammatory cell signaling in cerebral ischemia: the complex roles of heat shock protein 70","volume":"109","author":"Giffard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0375","first-page":"I84","article-title":"Inflammatory glia mediate delayed neuronal damage after ischemia in the central nervous system","volume":"24","author":"Giulian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0380","first-page":"713","article-title":"The role of Toll-like receptors in multiple sclerosis and possible targeting for therapeutic purposes","volume":"25","author":"Gooshe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.04.024","article-title":"Analysis of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms in children with bacterial meningitis and their healthy family members","volume":"60","author":"Gowin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.086","article-title":"Neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury by SP600125 via suppressing the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis","volume":"1092","author":"Guan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"issue":"7073","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04369","article-title":"Specificity in Toll-like receptor signalling through distinct effector functions of TRAF3 and TRAF6","volume":"439","author":"Hacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004319","article-title":"Distinct dictation of Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuroinflammation and lethality via triggering TLR3 and TLR4 signal pathways","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1997","article-title":"Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain","volume":"10","author":"Hanisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20110164","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in health and disease in the brain: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"121","author":"Hanke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (London, England : 1979)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90516-8","article-title":"The Toll gene of Drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein","volume":"52","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040520","article-title":"The roles of two IkappaB kinase-related kinases in lipopolysaccharide and double stranded RNA signaling and viral infection","volume":"199","author":"Hemmi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70062-6","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: a target for neuroprotection?","volume":"8","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(11)70065-7","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease","volume":"18","author":"Hirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parkinson. Relat. disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20428","article-title":"U1 RNA induces innate immunity signaling","volume":"50","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthrit. Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-140","article-title":"Elevated type I interferon-like activity in a subset of multiple sclerosis patients: molecular basis and clinical relevance","volume":"9","author":"Hundeshagen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5607\/en.2013.22.1.11","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease","volume":"22","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2689","article-title":"Evolution of host innate defence: insights from C. elegans and primitive invertebrates","volume":"10","author":"Irazoqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4578fje","article-title":"CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide promotes microglial cell uptake of amyloid beta 1-42 peptide by up-regulating the expression of the G-protein- coupled receptor mFPR2","volume":"19","author":"Iribarren","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.7.4320","article-title":"TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses in human microglia and astrocytes","volume":"175","author":"Jack","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7254","article-title":"Fibrillar amyloid-beta peptides activate microglia via TLR2: implications for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"181","author":"Jana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.01.009","article-title":"TIR-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"49","author":"Jenkins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13441","article-title":"Activation of microglial Toll-like receptor 3 promotes neuronal survival against cerebral ischemia","volume":"136","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3111","article-title":"The role of ubiquitylation in immune defence and pathogen evasion","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1207","article-title":"CD14 is required for MyD88-independent LPS signaling","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787023","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/787023","article-title":"Roles of TLR3 and RIG-I in mediating the inflammatory response in mouse microglia following Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"2014","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-74","article-title":"Impaired toll-like receptor 8 signaling in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.06.005","article-title":"Defining the subcellular sites of innate immune signal transduction","volume":"33","author":"Kagan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3757","article-title":"SMOCs: supramolecular organizing centres that control innate immunity","volume":"14","author":"Kagan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1106-x","article-title":"TLR9 -1237 T\/C and TLR2 -194 to -174 del polymorphisms and the risk of Parkinson's disease in the Greek population: a pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Kalinderi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvm032","article-title":"Antiviral signaling through pattern recognition receptors","volume":"141","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biochem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.006","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity","volume":"34","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling pathways","volume":"5","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.12.023","article-title":"Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper","volume":"77","author":"Kettenmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04524.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 regulate inflammation, gliosis, and myelin sparing after spinal cord injury","volume":"102","author":"Kigerl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2013.46.1.1","article-title":"The immune modulating properties of the heat shock proteins after brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2013.46.1.1","article-title":"The immune modulating properties of the heat shock proteins after brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-011-0115-3","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties and pharmacological induction of Hsp70 after brain injury","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0099-15.2016","article-title":"Bid promotes K63-linked polyubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and sensitizes to mutant SOD1 induced proinflammatory signaling in microglia","volume":"3","author":"Kinsella","year":"2016","journal-title":"eneuro"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1143-3","article-title":"Increased A20-E3 ubiquitin ligase interactions in bid-deficient glia attenuate TLR3- and TLR4-induced inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Kinsella","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1086\/591626","article-title":"Innate immunity to pneumococcal infection of the central nervous system depends on toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4","volume":"198","author":"Klein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0575","first-page":"15","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in bacterial meningitis","volume":"336","author":"Koedel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9838","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2557-04.2004","article-title":"Microglial phagocytosis of fibrillar beta-amyloid through a beta1 integrin-dependent mechanism","volume":"24","author":"Koenigsknecht","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.144","article-title":"T cell responses in the central nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Korn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21088","article-title":"Kinetics of inflammatory response of astrocytes induced by TLR 3 and TLR4 ligation","volume":"85","author":"Krasowska-Zoladek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10049-7","article-title":"Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS","volume":"19","author":"Kreutzberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.058","article-title":"Identification and functions of pattern-recognition receptors","volume":"125","author":"Kumagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2008.20.6.672","article-title":"Innate immunity in sepsis pathogenesis and its modulation: new immunomodulatory targets revealed","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chemother. (Florence, Italy)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-97","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: therapeutic approaches","volume":"7","author":"Lakhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.10.046","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages express tumor necrosis factor receptor p75 following middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice","volume":"144","author":"Lambertsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0620","first-page":"137","article-title":"Article 8. TLRs in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"336","author":"Landreth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0931-5","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation in Japanese encephalitis","volume":"14","author":"Lannes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.18700\/jnc.170020","article-title":"Ischemic stroke caused by a hyaluronic acid gel embolism treated with tissue plasminogen activator","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurocrit. Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.08.018","article-title":"Screening of innate immune receptors in neurodegenerative diseases: a similar pattern","volume":"30","author":"Letiembre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082100399","article-title":"IRAK-4: a novel member of the IRAK family with the properties of an IRAK-kinase","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3995-07.2008","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor alpha mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial toxicity to developing oligodendrocytes when astrocytes are present","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060811","article-title":"West Nile virus: immunity and pathogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7300","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09121","article-title":"Helical assembly in the MyD88-IRAK4-IRAK2 complex in TLR\/IL-1R signalling","volume":"465","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.58","article-title":"Cellular and molecular regulation of innate inflammatory responses","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh531","article-title":"LPS receptor (CD14): a receptor for phagocytosis of Alzheimer's amyloid peptide","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101121","article-title":"TLR2 is a primary receptor for Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptide to trigger neuroinflammatory activation","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3485","article-title":"FoxA1 directs the lineage and immunosuppressive properties of a novel regulatory T cell population in EAE and MS","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.06.020","article-title":"Post-translational modification control of innate immunity","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0685","article-title":"Neuronal IFN-beta-induced PI3K\/Akt-FoxA1 signalling is essential for generation of FoxA1(+)T(reg) cells","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425908095957","article-title":"Host species-specific usage of the TLR4-LPS receptor complex","volume":"14","author":"Lizundia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093550","article-title":"The Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism Asp299Gly but not Thr399Ile influences TLR4 signaling and function","volume":"9","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0700","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding MyD88, a novel myeloid differentiation primary response gene induced by IL6","volume":"5","author":"Lord","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.00218.x","article-title":"Neuronal death in brain infarcts in man","volume":"26","author":"Love","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00678-5","article-title":"Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron\/oligodendrocyte connection","volume":"109","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-186","article-title":"Interleukin-1alpha expression precedes IL-1beta after ischemic brain injury and is localised to areas of focal neuronal loss and penumbral tissues","volume":"8","author":"Luheshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.4.2373","article-title":"Meningococcal porin PorB binds to TLR2 and requires TLR1 for signaling","volume":"176","author":"Massari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"7000","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02621","article-title":"Pathways towards and away from Alzheimer's disease","volume":"430","author":"Mattson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.07.007","article-title":"Time-course of striatal Toll-like receptor expression in neurotoxic, environmental and inflammatory rat models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"310","author":"McCabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.1086\/344264","article-title":"T cells in the central nervous system: the delicate balance between viral clearance and disease","volume":"186","author":"McGavern","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9S330","article-title":"Inflammation, anti-inflammatory agents and Alzheimer disease: the last 12 years","volume":"9","author":"McGeer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2237236100","article-title":"IFN-regulatory factor 3-dependent gene expression is defective in Tbk1-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts","volume":"101","author":"McWhirter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12298","article-title":"E3 ubiquitin ligases pellinos as regulators of pattern recognition receptor signaling and immune responses","volume":"266","author":"Medvedev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"6640","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/41131","article-title":"A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity","volume":"388","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1061","article-title":"RIP1 is an essential mediator of Toll-like receptor 3-induced NF-kappa B activation","volume":"5","author":"Meylan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09324.x","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-1\u03b2 mRNA in rat brain after transient forebrain ischemia","volume":"58","author":"Minami","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.08.047","article-title":"Effect of the functional toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism on susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's disease","volume":"391","author":"Minoretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13411","article-title":"The contribution of neuroinflammation to amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"136","author":"Minter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0780","first-page":"75","article-title":"Role of Toll-like receptors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Miranda-Hernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.07.019","article-title":"Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis","volume":"181","author":"Mishra","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-53","article-title":"Expression and distribution of Toll-like receptors 11-13 in the brain during murine neurocysticercosis","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12706-3","article-title":"Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease","volume":"211","author":"Mogi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7444","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M412738200","article-title":"Positive and negative regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated transcription by IkappaB-zeta, an inducible nuclear protein","volume":"280","author":"Motoyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25404","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.022392","article-title":"An oligomeric signaling platform formed by the Toll-like receptor signal transducers MyD88 and IRAK-4","volume":"284","author":"Motshwene","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0810","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus infected microglial cells secrete exosomes containing let-7a\/b that facilitate neuronal damage via caspase activation","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00018","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and acute brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083-6729(06)74012-2","article-title":"IkappaB-zeta: an inducible regulator of nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"74","author":"Muta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/09680519030090030801","article-title":"IkappaB-zeta, a new anti-inflammatory nuclear protein induced by lipopolysaccharide, is a negative regulator for nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"9","author":"Muta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Endotoxin Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2007.02.006","article-title":"Neuronal regulation by which microglia enhance the production of neurotrophic factors for GABAergic, catecholaminergic, and cholinergic neurons","volume":"50","author":"Nakajima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.05.036","article-title":"TLR7 is a key regulator of innate immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"69","author":"Nazmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"issue":"5726","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110647","article-title":"Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo","volume":"308","author":"Nimmerjahn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01393","article-title":"Toll like receptor 4 mediates cell death in a mouse MPTP model of Parkinson disease","volume":"3","author":"Noelker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","article-title":"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"7073","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04374","article-title":"Critical role of TRAF3 in the Toll-like receptor-dependent and -independent antiviral response","volume":"439","author":"Oganesyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.09.001","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in neurodegeneration","volume":"59","author":"Okun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.09.001","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in neurodegeneration","volume":"59","author":"Okun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3916","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3916","article-title":"Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079","article-title":"The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"7","author":"O'Neill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"10076","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31320-4","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: prospects for disease therapy, repair, and restoration of function","volume":"389","author":"Ontaneda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2015.1065826","article-title":"Beyond TLR signaling\u2014the role of SARM in antiviral immune defense","volume":"34","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Apopt. Dev. Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20278","article-title":"TLR3-mediated signal induces proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression in astrocytes: differential signaling mechanisms of TLR3-induced IP-10 and IL-8 gene expression","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"7242","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07830","article-title":"The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex","volume":"458","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/708306","article-title":"Disruption in the blood-brain barrier: the missing link between brain and body inflammation in bipolar disorder?","volume":"2015","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040528","article-title":"Differential requirement for TANK-binding kinase-1 in type I interferon responses to toll-like receptor activation and viral infection","volume":"199","author":"Perry","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01184.x","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-1 receptors and their role in interleukin-1 actions in murine microglial cells","volume":"83","author":"Pinteaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12893","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.12893-12904.2005","article-title":"Virus infection switches TLR-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon","volume":"79","author":"Prehaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26078","article-title":"Innate immunity mediated by TLR9 modulates pathogenicity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Prinz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0340-9","article-title":"Oxidative stress and cellular pathologies in Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Puspita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0930","first-page":"155","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"336","author":"Racke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1188204","article-title":"Hsp70 promotes TNF-mediated apoptosis by binding IKK gamma and impairing NF-kappa B survival signaling","volume":"18","author":"Ran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI96209","article-title":"Selective disruption of TLR2-MyD88 interaction inhibits inflammation and attenuates Alzheimer's pathology","volume":"128","author":"Rangasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58644","article-title":"Innate immunity in the central nervous system","volume":"122","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3158-09.2009","article-title":"CD14 and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar A\u03b2-stimulated microglial activation","volume":"29","author":"Reed-Geaghan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3158-09.2009","article-title":"CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar A{beta}-stimulated microglial activation","volume":"29","author":"Reed-Geaghan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1146-08.2008","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1-42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Richard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171104","article-title":"Pivotal neuroinflammatory and therapeutic role of high mobility group box 1 in ischemic stroke","volume":"37","author":"Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9624","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09624","article-title":"Hm-MyD88 and Hm-SARM: two key regulators of the neuroimmune system and neural repair in the medicinal leech","volume":"5","author":"Rodet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2939","article-title":"Immunity to fungal infections","volume":"11","author":"Romani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2016.10.005","article-title":"Early innate immune responses to bacterial LPS","volume":"44","author":"Rosadini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005028","article-title":"Neuronal interferon signaling is required for protection against herpes simplex virus replication and pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Rosato","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1281-7","article-title":"Anti-TLR2 antibody triggers oxidative phosphorylation in microglia and increases phagocytosis of beta-amyloid","volume":"15","author":"Rubio-Araiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0559-3","article-title":"Neuronal caspase-3 and PARP-1 correlate differentially with apoptosis and necrosis in ischemic human stroke","volume":"118","author":"Sairanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.06.007","article-title":"Targeting of TAK1 in inflammatory disorders and cancer","volume":"33","author":"Sakurai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1255","article-title":"Essential function for the kinase TAK1 in innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0203-2","article-title":"Combating herpesvirus encephalitis by potentiating a TLR3\u2013mTORC2 axis","volume":"19","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"70","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1015","first-page":"373","article-title":"Role of cytokines in inflammatory process in Parkinson's disease","author":"Sawada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Transmis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.04.025","article-title":"Effects of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 on blood-borne cell recruitment after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"161","author":"Schilling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1097\/nen.0b013e31815c2530","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte generation is differentially influenced by toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4-mediated intraspinal macrophage activation","volume":"66","author":"Schonberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.8.1544","article-title":"Bacterial peptidoglycan and immune reactivity in the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Schrijver","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20234","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA signals antiviral and inflammatory programs and dysfunctional glutamate transport in TLR3-expressing astrocytes","volume":"52","author":"Scumpia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2001-3111","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease results from the cerebral accumulation and cytotoxicity of amyloid beta-protein","volume":"3","author":"Selkoe","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer's Dis."},{"issue":"5622","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081315","article-title":"Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway","volume":"300","author":"Sharma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9076-3","article-title":"CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression is increased in the nigro-striatal system of Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Shimoji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6397","article-title":"HMGB1 as a key mediator of immune mechanisms in ischemic stroke","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11555","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006496107","article-title":"Hyaluronan blocks oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation and remyelination through TLR2","volume":"107","author":"Sloane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010001","article-title":"Interleukin-1 in stroke: from bench to bedside","volume":"47","author":"Sobowale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2017.1379024","article-title":"TLR4 and TLR2 activation is differentially associated with age during Parkinson's disease","volume":"47","author":"Sobrinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.08.002","article-title":"Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation","volume":"32","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0212-1","article-title":"The identity and function of microglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3176","article-title":"Peli1 sets the CNS on fire","volume":"19","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-92","article-title":"TLR4 mutation reduces microglial activation, increases A\u03b2 deposits and exacerbates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflam."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14965","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3794-09.2009","article-title":"Initiation and progression of axonopathy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"29","author":"Soulika","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6645","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/42166","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies","volume":"388","author":"Spillantini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12922","article-title":"Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"154","author":"Stephenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9329","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00836-09","article-title":"The immune adaptor molecule SARM modulates tumor necrosis factor alpha production and microglia activation in the brainstem and restricts West Nile Virus pathogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Szretter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01026-10","article-title":"The innate immune adaptor molecule MyD88 restricts West Nile virus replication and spread in neurons of the central nervous system","volume":"84","author":"Szretter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl249","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptor signalling in Abeta uptake and clearance","volume":"129","author":"Tahara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7030","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03308","article-title":"Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors","volume":"434","author":"Takaoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O. Takeuchi, S. Akira, Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation, Cell 140(6) 805-820.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(02)00059-6","article-title":"H2O2 and 4-hydroxynonenal mediate amyloid beta-induced neuronal apoptosis by activating JNKs and p38MAPK","volume":"180","author":"Tamagno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.05.014","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid beta-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal","volume":"213","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2016.1261318","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and Toll-like receptor targeted therapeutics in innate immune cells","volume":"36","author":"Tartey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7401104","article-title":"A conserved Toll-like receptor is required for Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity","volume":"9","author":"Tenor","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46514","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46514","article-title":"IFN\u03b2 protects neurons from damage in a murine model of HIV-1 associated brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Thaney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201813666160808111933","article-title":"Review: therapeutic targeting of HMGB1 in stroke","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X12000038","article-title":"The role of microglia at synapses in the healthy CNS: novel insights from recent imaging studies","volume":"7","author":"Tremblay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron. Glia Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.07.009","article-title":"The role of inflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"37","author":"Tuppo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035837","article-title":"Polymorphisms in Toll-Like receptors 2, 4, and 9 are highly associated with hearing loss in survivors of Bacterial meningitis","volume":"7","author":"van Well","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00316","article-title":"A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species","volume":"5","author":"Vaure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500108","article-title":"Trigeminal nociceptors express TLR-4 and CD14: a mechanism for pain due to infection","volume":"85","author":"Wadachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4363-08.2009","article-title":"Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals","volume":"29","author":"Wake","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12187","article-title":"T cells in the central nervous system: messengers of destruction or purveyors of protection?","volume":"141","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1159\/000110455","article-title":"Role of the toll-like receptor 4 in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Walter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"issue":"6844","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/35085597","article-title":"TAK1 is a ubiquitin-dependent kinase of MKK and IKK","volume":"412","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1140","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.06.025","article-title":"Regionally-specific microglial activation in young mice over-expressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein","volume":"237","author":"Watson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58648","article-title":"The adaptive immune system in diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"122","author":"Wraith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.1.120","article-title":"Neuroprotection in experimental stroke with targeted neurotrophins","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroRX"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3111","article-title":"Peli1 promotes microglia-mediated CNS inflammation by regulating Traf3 degradation","volume":"19","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6996","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02738","article-title":"Regulation of Toll\/IL-1-receptor-mediated gene expression by the inducible nuclear protein IkappaBzeta","volume":"430","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01127.x","article-title":"Endogenous toll-like receptor ligands and their biological significance","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6874","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903675","article-title":"Amphioxus SARM involved in neural development may function as a suppressor of TLR signaling","volume":"184","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2741\/193","article-title":"Microglia--friend or foe","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Scholar edition)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42796","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42796","article-title":"Polymorphisms of toll-like receptors 2 and 9 and severity and prognosis of bacterial meningitis in Chinese children","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012_bb1265","first-page":"612","article-title":"Association of TLR9 polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Chinese Han population","volume":"126","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016557281930058X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016557281930058X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T08:34:12Z","timestamp":1759048452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016557281930058X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":253,"alternative-id":["S016557281930058X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5728"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5728","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neuroimmunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}