{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T02:45:06Z","timestamp":1792550706822,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":314,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000890","name":"National MS Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jni-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T20:49:23Z","timestamp":1596833363000},"page":"577358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Opposing and potentially antagonistic effects of BMP and TGF-\u03b2 in multiple sclerosis: The \u201cYin and Yang\u201d of neuro-immune Signaling"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"347","author":[{"given":"Marinos G.","family":"Sotiropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanuja","family":"Chitnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.01.005","article-title":"Vitamin D3 administration to MS patients leads to increased serum levels of latency activated peptide (LAP) of TGF-beta","volume":"280","author":"Aivo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21462","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins 4, 6, and 7 are up-regulated in mouse spinal cord during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"86","author":"Ara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10578","article-title":"Efficient central nervous system remyelination requires T cells","volume":"53","author":"Bieber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34594","article-title":"B cell-derived transforming growth factor-beta1 expression limits the induction phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation","volume":"6","author":"Bjarnadottir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.03.012","article-title":"Fingolimod therapy modulates circulating B cell composition, increases B regulatory subsets and production of IL-10 and TGFbeta in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"70","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9194","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3314-07.2008","article-title":"Noggin expands neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus","volume":"28","author":"Bonaguidi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3599","article-title":"Identification of a unique TGF-beta-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Butovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.289","article-title":"Phase 1 trial of transforming growth factor beta 2 in chronic progressive MS","volume":"51","author":"Calabresi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00624","article-title":"Conjugation of transforming growth factor Beta to antigen-loaded poly(lactide- co-glycolide) nanoparticles enhances efficiency of antigen-specific tolerance","volume":"29","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02541.x","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-2\/4 signalling pathway components are expressed in the human thymus and inhibit early T-cell development","volume":"121","author":"Cejalvo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2011.635398","article-title":"Association analysis of TGFBR3 gene with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and Behcet\u2019s disease in the Chinese Han population","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.11.007","article-title":"Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"189","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.759654","article-title":"Examining crosstalk among transforming growth factor beta, bone morphogenetic protein, and Wnt pathways","volume":"292","author":"Coster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0892-8","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis","volume":"14","author":"Danikowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI92387","article-title":"Neural precursor cell-secreted TGF-beta2 redirects inflammatory monocyte-derived cells in CNS autoimmunity","volume":"127","author":"De Feo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.6.3207","article-title":"TGF-beta 2 reduces demyelination, virus antigen expression, and macrophage recruitment in a viral model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"164","author":"Drescher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.02.019","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins in multiple sclerosis: role in neuroinflammation","volume":"68","author":"Eixarch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.01.030","article-title":"Interleukin-10 but not transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression is up-regulated by vitamin D treatment in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"350","author":"Farsani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70231-5","article-title":"Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: what works, what does not, and what is needed","volume":"14","author":"Feinstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01275-3","article-title":"The rs3761548 FOXP3 variant is associated with multiple sclerosis and transforming growth factor beta1 levels in female patients","volume":"68","author":"Flauzino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017988","article-title":"Intracerebral human regulatory T cells: analysis of CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in brain lesions and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"6","author":"Fritzsching","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00369-5","article-title":"Long-term effect of IFNbeta1b treatment on the spontaneous and induced expression of IL-10 and TGFbeta1 in MS patients","volume":"179","author":"Gayo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606058","article-title":"BMP1 controls TGFbeta1 activation via cleavage of latent TGFbeta-binding protein","volume":"175","author":"Ge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0310","article-title":"Autocrine TGFbeta is a survival factor for monocytes and drives immunosuppressive lineage commitment","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez-Junca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2005001000003","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins: from structure to clinical use","volume":"38","author":"Granjeiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00231-12","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta inhibits bone morphogenetic protein-induced transcription through novel phosphorylated Smad1\/5-Smad3 complexes","volume":"32","author":"Gronroos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01245","article-title":"Structural basis of BMP signalling inhibition by the cystine knot protein Noggin","volume":"420","author":"Groppe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.302","article-title":"Signaling cross-talk between TGF-beta\/BMP and other pathways","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.27118","article-title":"Direct BMP2\/4 signaling through BMP receptor IA regulates fetal thymocyte progenitor homeostasis and differentiation to CD4+CD8+ double-positive cell","volume":"13","author":"Hager-Theodorides","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.41869","article-title":"Circulating transforming growth factor-beta1 facilitates remyelination in the adult central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20010154","article-title":"Myelination in multiple sclerosis lesions is associated with regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and its antagonist noggin","volume":"20","author":"Harnisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2004.09.003","article-title":"Stroke and TGF-beta proteins: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and bone morphogenetic protein","volume":"105","author":"Harvey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25860","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905955116","article-title":"Smad7 in intestinal CD4(+) T cells determines autoimmunity in a spontaneous model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Haupeltshofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-07-370650","article-title":"Expression of BMPRIA on human thymic NK cell precursors: role of BMP signaling in intrathymic NK cell development","volume":"119","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2008.02998.x","article-title":"Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-6 on macrophages","volume":"128","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.12.013","article-title":"A portrait of transforming growth factor beta superfamily signalling: background matters","volume":"44","author":"Horbelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141558","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit CD40L\/IL-21-induced Ig production in human B cells: differential effects of BMP-6 and BMP-7","volume":"41","author":"Huse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141666","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling via Smad4 drives IL-10 production in effector Th1 cells and reduces T-cell trafficking in EAE","volume":"41","author":"Huss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9337","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9337","article-title":"Direct binding of follistatin to a complex of bone-morphogenetic protein and its receptor inhibits ventral and epidermal cell fates in early Xenopus embryo","volume":"95","author":"Iemura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2012.10.003","article-title":"Members of the DAN family are BMP antagonists that form highly stable noncovalent dimers","volume":"424","author":"Kattamuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-6-9","article-title":"BMP-6 inhibits growth of mature human B cells; induction of Smad phosphorylation and upregulation of Id1","volume":"6","author":"Kersten","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111023200","article-title":"Identification and functional characterization of distinct critically important bone morphogenetic protein-specific response elements in the Id1 promoter","volume":"277","author":"Korchynskyi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr014","article-title":"Enhancing remyelination in disease--can we wrap it up?","volume":"134","author":"Kotter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain."},{"issue":"1 Supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0220","article-title":"Bone Morphogenic protein receptor 1\u03b1 and its ligands as a signaling circuit modulating immune response","volume":"202","author":"Kraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3109\/1547691X.2013.864736","article-title":"Modulation of bone morphogenic protein signaling in T-cells for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Kuczma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1197","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta controls T helper type 1 cell development through regulation of natural killer cell interferon-gamma","volume":"6","author":"Laouar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.418","article-title":"Mechanistic connection between inflammation and fibrosis","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646716","article-title":"TGF-beta regulation of encephalitogenic and regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00148-3","article-title":"Noggin antagonizes BMP signaling to create a niche for adult neurogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Lim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.12.010","article-title":"TGF-beta1 - a truly transforming growth factor in fibrosis and immunity","volume":"101","author":"Lodyga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022327","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-based therapeutic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Lowery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939618","article-title":"Synergistic effect of TGF-beta superfamily members on the induction of Foxp3+ Treg","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31763","article-title":"Glia-dependent TGF-beta signaling, acting independently of the TH17 pathway, is critical for initiation of murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"117","author":"Luo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090459","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 inhibits proximal tubular epithelial cell Smad3 signaling via increased SnoN expression","volume":"176","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131453","article-title":"The BMP pathway participates in human naive CD4+ T cell activation and homeostasis","volume":"10","author":"Martinez","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05251.x","article-title":"BMP inhibition enhances axonal growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"105","author":"Matsuura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2013.09.004","article-title":"Elevated and dysregulated bone morphogenic proteins in immune cells of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"264","author":"Mausner-Fainberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00038","article-title":"CNS Remyelination and the innate immune system","volume":"4","author":"McMurran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.09.001","article-title":"B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis have a pathogenic phenotype and increased LTalpha and TGFbeta1 response","volume":"324","author":"McWilliam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0300","first-page":"612","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and renal fibrosis","volume":"70","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sheng Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.10.028","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling is altered in the peripheral blood of subjects with multiple sclerosis","volume":"230","author":"Meoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022095","article-title":"Regulation of TGF-beta family Signaling by inhibitory Smads","volume":"9","author":"Miyazawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0798-5","article-title":"Activation of human B cells negatively regulates TGF-beta1 production","volume":"14","author":"Molnarfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102097","article-title":"A unique TGFB1-driven genomic program links Astrocytosis, low-grade inflammation and partial demyelination in spinal cord Periplaques from progressive multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"18","author":"Nataf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235934","article-title":"TGFB1-mediated gliosis in multiple sclerosis spinal cords is Favored by the regionalized expression of HOXA5 and the age-dependent decline in androgen receptor ligands","volume":"20","author":"Nataf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.02.033","article-title":"Opposing roles and potential antagonistic mechanism between TGF-beta and BMP pathways: implications for cancer progression","volume":"41","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2013.06.005","article-title":"Structure of protein related to Dan and Cerberus: insights into the mechanism of bone morphogenetic protein antagonism","volume":"21","author":"Nolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Structure."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028993","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes and functions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Loughlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13814","article-title":"BMP-2 induces human mononuclear cell chemotaxis and adhesion and modulates monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Pardali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.07.008","article-title":"High serum levels of BMP-2 correlate with BMP-4 and BMP-5 levels and induce reduced neuronal phenotype in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"310","author":"Penn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2015.5","article-title":"TGF-beta\/BMP signaling and other molecular events: regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation","volume":"3","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.03.018","article-title":"Increased blood plasma concentrations of TGF-beta isoforms after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins (i.v.IG) in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"152","author":"Reinhold","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5019","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2845","article-title":"Optimal effector functions in human natural killer cells rely upon autocrine bone morphogenetic protein signaling","volume":"74","author":"Robson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2018.1504301","article-title":"Therapeutic use of Intrathecal mesenchymal stem cells in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study with booster injection","volume":"48","author":"Sahraian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.12","article-title":"BMP signalling in skeletal development, disease and repair","volume":"12","author":"Salazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170ra15","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004970","article-title":"In active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, effector T cell resistance to adaptive T(regs) involves IL-6-mediated signaling","volume":"5","author":"Schneider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww084","article-title":"MicroRNAs targeting TGFbeta signalling underlie the regulatory T cell defect in multiple sclerosis","volume":"139","author":"Severin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.05.017","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in multiple sclerosis patients: association with TGF-beta2, TGF-betaRI, and TGF-betaRII expression","volume":"134","author":"Shirvani-Farsani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/359693a0","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the mouse transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene results in multifocal inflammatory disease","volume":"359","author":"Shull","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012070759","article-title":"Kielin\/chordin-like protein attenuates both acute and chronic renal injury","volume":"24","author":"Soofi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9837035","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 6 inhibits the Immunomodulatory property of BMMSCs via Id1 in Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"2018","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0410","first-page":"105","article-title":"TGF-beta superfamily enhances the antigen-induced IFN-gamma production by effector\/memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"25","author":"Takai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-018-9011-x","article-title":"RGC-32 regulates reactive astrocytosis and extracellular matrix deposition in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"66","author":"Tatomir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0470OC","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta(1) represses bone morphogenetic protein-mediated Smad signaling in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells via Smad3","volume":"49","author":"Upton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3698.893","article-title":"Bone: formation by autoinduction","volume":"150","author":"Urist","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.10.007","article-title":"Reduced production of noggin by immune cells of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"232","author":"Urshansky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.08.003","article-title":"Low and dysregulated production of follistatin in immune cells of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"238","author":"Urshansky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031579","article-title":"Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"199","author":"Viglietta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.06.004","article-title":"TGF-beta\/BMPs: crucial crossroad in neural autoimmune disorders","volume":"59","author":"Voumvourakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5788","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.16.5788","article-title":"Transforming growth factor type beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production","volume":"84","author":"Wahl","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0455","series-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: diagnosis and Therapy","author":"Weiner","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370219828694","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in inflammation","volume":"244","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.9","article-title":"TGF-beta and BMP signaling in osteoblast, skeletal development, and bone formation, homeostasis and disease","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689719852354","article-title":"TGF-beta in mice ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in regulating NK cell activity","volume":"28","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.04.017","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 inhibits silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats","volume":"220","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L312","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00054.2013","article-title":"Id proteins are critical downstream effectors of BMP signaling in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells","volume":"305","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141702","article-title":"Differential effects of inhibition of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signalling on T-cell activation and differentiation","volume":"42","author":"Yoshioka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2757-y","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling inhibits canonical BMP signaling pathway during palate development","volume":"371","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.328","article-title":"Non-Smad pathways in TGF-beta signaling","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20803","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 4 inhibits TGF-beta2 stimulation of extracellular matrix proteins in optic nerve head cells: role of gremlin in ECM modulation","volume":"57","author":"Zode","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neuroimmunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165572820303982?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165572820303982?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T08:38:20Z","timestamp":1759048700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165572820303982"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S0165572820303982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-5728"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-5728","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Opposing and potentially antagonistic effects of BMP and TGF-\u03b2 in multiple sclerosis: The \u201cYin and Yang\u201d of neuro-immune Signaling","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neuroimmunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577358","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"577358"}}