{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:10:03Z","timestamp":1791393003195,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the National Medical Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T20:01:39Z","timestamp":1507665699000},"page":"262-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Elder Abuse in the African Diaspora: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Charles P.","family":"Mouton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet H.","family":"Southerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib1","series-title":"Active Ageing: A Policy Framework","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib2","series-title":"World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision Highlights","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib3","series-title":"Elder Abuse, Concepts, Theories and Interventions","author":"Bennett","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib4","first-page":"69","article-title":"Elder abuse: is every bruise a sign of abuse?","volume":"70","author":"Carney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.605","article-title":"Prevalence and 3-year incidence of abuse among postmenopausal women","volume":"94","author":"Mouton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.163089","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of emotional, physical, sexual, and financial abuse and potential neglect in the United States: the National Elder Mistreatment Study","volume":"100","author":"Acierno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib7","series-title":"Summaries of Statistical Data on Elder Abuse in Domestic Settings for FY 95 and FY 96","author":"Tatara","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/28.1.51","article-title":"The prevalence of elder abuse: a random sample survey","volume":"28","author":"Pillemer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib9","first-page":"5248","article-title":"Elder mistreatment in the United States: prevalence estimates from a nationally representative study","volume":"63","author":"Laumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol Ser B\u2014Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib10","series-title":"The National Elder Abuse Incidence Study","author":"The National Center on Elder Abuse","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1300\/J084v17n02_02","article-title":"Multiethnic perspectives on elder mistreatment","volume":"17","author":"Mouton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Elder Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.2.200","article-title":"The extent and frequency of abuse in the lives of older women and their relationship with health outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Fisher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between depressive symptoms, multiple dimensions of depression, and elder abuse: a cross-sectional, population-based analysis of older adults in urban Chicago","author":"Roepke-Buehler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Aging Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnq053","article-title":"Financial exploitation and psychological mistreatment among older adults: differences between african Americans and non-african Americans in a population-base survey","volume":"50","author":"Beach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.238","article-title":"Elder abuse as a risk factor for hospitalization in older persons","volume":"173","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/38.5.538","article-title":"Elder abuse: two native american views","volume":"38","author":"Hudson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00978722","article-title":"Abuse among african american elderly","volume":"7","author":"Griffin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Fam Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib18","first-page":"47","article-title":"Financial exploitation of older persons: challenges and opportunities to identify, prevent, and address it in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Rabiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Aging Soc Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2011.534709","article-title":"Elder abuse and neglect in african american families: informing practice based on ecological and cultural frameworks","volume":"23","author":"Horsford","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Elder Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib20","first-page":"115","article-title":"Class, race, and poverty. Medical technologies and sociopolitical choices","volume":"11","author":"Bernier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harv Black Lett J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.5325\/critphilrace.1.2.0190","article-title":"Inheriting racist disparities in health: epigenetics and the transgenerational effects of white racism","volume":"1","author":"Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Philosophy Race"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.21","article-title":"Transgenerational impact of intimate partner violence on methylation in the promoter of the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"1","author":"Radke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9003","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0914-13.2013","article-title":"Paternal stress exposure alter sperm microRNA content and reprograms offspring HPA stress axis regulation","volume":"33","author":"Rodgers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib24","first-page":"220","article-title":"Epigenetic inheritance of disease and disease risk","volume":"38","author":"Bohauk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16222","article-title":"Biological memories of past environments: epigenetic pathways to health disparities","volume":"6","author":"Thayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-200510000-00037","article-title":"Sexual abuse of older adults","volume":"105","author":"Burgess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/37.4.469","article-title":"Risk factors for reported elder abuse and neglect: a nine-year observation cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Lach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.4.S165","article-title":"Violence and violent feelings: what causes them among family caregivers","volume":"47","author":"Pillemer","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2010.01135.x","article-title":"Community and individual race\/ethnicity and home health care use among elderly person in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Kirby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1300\/J010v38n01_02","article-title":"Social Networks and use of social supports of minority elders in East Harlem","volume":"38","author":"Cleak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Work Health Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/42.2.237","article-title":"Issues of race, ethnicity and culture in caregiving research: a 20-year review (1980-2000)","volume":"42","author":"Dilworth-Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1996.00440040127014","article-title":"Older adults: an 11-year longitudinal study of adult protective service use","volume":"156","author":"Lachs","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-84-7-329","article-title":"Podiatric medical considerations in dealing with elder abuse","volume":"84","author":"Anetzberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining the role of substance abuse in elder mistreatment: results from mistreatment investigators","author":"Conrad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Interpers Viol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.829","article-title":"Alcohol use among older adults in the national epidemiology Survey on Alcohol and related conditions: a latent class analysis","volume":"70","author":"Sacco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.11564\/28-1-500","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of elder abuse in mafikeng local municipality in South Africa","volume":"28","author":"Bigala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Popul Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib37","unstructured":"Regional Economic Outlook, Sub-saharan Africa. International Monetary Fund 2003. IMF publication services."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4017\/gt.2007.06.04.006.00","article-title":"Elder abuse in parts of Africa and the way forward","volume":"6","author":"Mba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gerontechnology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.13189\/sa.2013.010206","article-title":"The social context of abuse of elderly people in emuhaya district, Kenya","volume":"1","author":"Kabole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sociol Anthropol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib40","first-page":"8","article-title":"An assessment of the prevalence of elder abuse and neglect in akwa ibom state, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Akpan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Ctry Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib41","first-page":"197","article-title":"Prevalence of abuse of the elderly in domestic settings in enugu state, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Asogwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"JHER"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib42","first-page":"79","article-title":"Abuse of the aged in Nigeria: elder also cry","volume":"3","author":"Mudiare","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Int J Contemp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib43","series-title":"Kenya Elder Abuse in the Health Care Services in Kenya","author":"HelpAge International","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib44","series-title":"Mpathehombi, ya Bantu Abadala: Elder abuse in black townships on the Cap Flats","author":"Keikelame","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/14616742.2011.611667","article-title":"Widowhood issues in the context of united nations security Council resolution 1325","volume":"13","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Feminist J Polit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib46","series-title":"The Ageing and Development Report: Poverty, Independence and the World's Elder People","article-title":"Development and the rights of older people","author":"Gorman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib47","first-page":"589","article-title":"The elderly in trinidad: health, social, and economic states and isssues of loneliness","volume":"57","author":"Rawlins","year":"2008","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib48","series-title":"Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education","article-title":"Aging in sub-saharan Africa: recommendations for furthering research. Panel on policy research and data needs to meet the challenge of aging in Africa","author":"National Research Council","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib49","series-title":"Abuse of the Elderly in World Report on Violence and Health","year":"2002"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2131","article-title":"Domestic elder abuse and the law","volume":"93","author":"Jogerst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1080\/08946566.2011.608048","article-title":"Elder abuse research: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Daly","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Elder Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/08946560902997181","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of intervention for elder abuse","volume":"21","author":"Ploeg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Elder Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib53","first-page":"396","article-title":"The geriatrics emergency nursing education (GENE) course: an evaluation","volume":"34","author":"Desy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/0360127970230104","article-title":"Impact of a nursing assistant training program on job programance, attitudes, and relationships with residents","volume":"23","author":"Goodridge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Edu Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/33.1.128","article-title":"A\u00a0model abuse prevention program for nursing assistants","volume":"33","author":"Pillemer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/096382899298043","article-title":"The effects of respite care on informal carers' well-being: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"McNally","year":"1999","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/33.2.240","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analytic review of interventions for caregiver distress: recommendations of future research","volume":"33","author":"Knight","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib58","series-title":"National Institute of Justice Research for Practice: Do Batterer Intervention Programs Work?","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib59","first-page":"371","article-title":"Educational support group in changing cargivers' psychological elder abuse behavior toward caring for institutionalized elders","volume":"14","author":"Hsieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Edu Theory Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/31.2.150","article-title":"Alternative to conservatorship: the role of daily money management services","volume":"31","author":"Wilber","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.6.1063","article-title":"Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the life orientation test","volume":"67","author":"Scheier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378603100705","article-title":"Emotional and physical health problems of battered women","volume":"31","author":"Jaffe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib63","series-title":"Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences","article-title":"Psychological perspectives on successful aging: the model of selective optimization with compensation","author":"Baltes","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib64","series-title":"Handbook of Aging and Mental Health: An Integrative Approach","first-page":"69","article-title":"Resilience in adulthood and later life: defining features and dynamic process","author":"Ryff","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1891\/rtnp.18.1.35.28056","article-title":"Moving from surviving to thriving: African American women recovering from intimate male partner abuse","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res Theory Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v38n02_05","article-title":"Measures and correlates of resilience","volume":"38","author":"Bowen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib67","first-page":"17","article-title":"Targeting the black church and clergy for disseminating knowledge about Alzheimer's disease and caregiver support services","volume":"9","author":"Chadiha","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimer's Care Relat Disord Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.9.3.287","article-title":"Domestic partner abuse treatment programs and cultural competence: the results of a national survey","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Violence Vict"}],"container-title":["Journal of the National Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002796841730113X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002796841730113X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T06:15:52Z","timestamp":1758435352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002796841730113X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"alternative-id":["S002796841730113X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-9684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-9684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Elder Abuse in the African Diaspora: A Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the National Medical Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 by the National Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}