{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:01:55Z","timestamp":1774468915283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the National Medical Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T12:22:09Z","timestamp":1771503729000},"page":"255-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accessibility and readability of Spanish and Portuguese-translated online information about common eye conditions: A cross-sectional content analysis study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Cupertino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Garcia","family":"Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0268-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Kolosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moran Roni","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet Leath","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.0527","article-title":"Prevalence of visual acuity loss or blindness in the US: a Bayesian Meta-analysis","volume":"139","author":"Flaxman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.06.005","article-title":"Public knowledge of low vision and blindness, and readability of on-topic online information","volume":"14","author":"Lup\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2010.03.005","article-title":"Health literacy and ophthalmic patient education","volume":"55","author":"Muir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721241306142","article-title":"Quality and readability of online information on Keratoconus in Portugal and Brazil","volume":"35","author":"Costa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264221094683","article-title":"Quality, readability, and accessibility of online content from a google search of \"macular degeneration\": critical analysis","volume":"6","author":"Hua","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vitreoretin Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eAO4240","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082018ao4240","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of online information about age-related macular degeneration available in Portuguese","volume":"16","author":"Agi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.05.019","article-title":"Assessment of online sites reliability, accountability, readability, accessibility, and translation for intravitreal injections","volume":"4","author":"Rayess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002174","article-title":"Accessibility and cultural inclusivity of online glaucoma-based video content for patient education","volume":"32","author":"Dahshan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2025.112400","article-title":"Comparative analysis of clinical relevance and accuracy in AI-assisted patient consultations on ankle and clavicle fracture surgeries","volume":"56","author":"Pereira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043594","article-title":"Awareness of common eye diseases and their risk factors\u2014a nationwide cross-sectional survey among adults in Poland","volume":"20","author":"Kami\u0144ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.497","article-title":"How internet users find, evaluate, and use online health information: a cross-cultural review","volume":"7","author":"Morahan-Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cyber Psychol Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0012","article-title":"Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and Flesch reading ease formula) for Navy enlisted personnel","volume":"875","author":"Kincaid","year":"1975","journal-title":"US Nav Tech Train Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0013","series-title":"The Technique of Clear Writing","author":"Gunning","year":"1952"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532","article-title":"A new readability yardstick","volume":"32","author":"Flesch","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540390074039","article-title":"Controlling, and assuring the quality of medical information on the internet","volume":"277","author":"Assessing","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105","article-title":"DISCERN: an instrument for judging the quality of written consumer health information on treatment choices","volume":"53","author":"Charnock","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health (1978)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07690-3","article-title":"Access to care among adults with limited english proficiency","volume":"38","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0018","first-page":"159","article-title":"Preventive care use among Hispanic adults with limited comfort speaking English: an analysis of the medical expenditure panel survey data","author":"Hall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Med (Balt)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.02510","article-title":"Health care spending and use among Hispanic adults with and without limited english proficiency, 1999\u20132018","volume":"40","author":"Himmelstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07995-3","article-title":"Barriers in healthcare for Latinx patients with limited english proficiency\u2014a narrative review","volume":"38","author":"Escobedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05609-z","article-title":"Disparities in health insurance coverage and access to care by english language proficiency in the USA, 2006\u20132016","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07477-6","article-title":"Specialty care utilization among adults with limited english proficiency","volume":"37","author":"Himmelstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.02.030","article-title":"Literacy skills, language use, and online health information seeking among Hispanic adults in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Millar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9.2.e18","article-title":"Language preferences on websites and in google searches for human health and food information","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.01.025","article-title":"Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Latinos: the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study","volume":"111","author":"Varma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.03.022","article-title":"Racial disparities in glaucoma vision outcomes and eye care utilization: an IRIS registry analysis","volume":"264","author":"Ciociola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9780317","article-title":"Readability assessment of online patient education material on congestive heart failure","volume":"2017","author":"Kher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.030140","article-title":"Evaluating readability, understandability, and actionability of online printable patient education materials for cholesterol management: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Bhatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-023-13387-6","article-title":"Readability and non-english language resources of hepatobiliary cancer center websites in the USA","volume":"30","author":"Murimwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.07.985","article-title":"Availability and readability of non-english patient education materials for radiotherapy in the United States","volume":"111","author":"Avila","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol*Biol*Phys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9370","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9370","article-title":"Health information obtained from the internet and changes in medical decision making: questionnaire development and cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.9.8","article-title":"Risk factors and outcomes of delayed presentation of diabetic retinopathy patients to a county hospital","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30159","article-title":"Insurance status and disparities in disease presentation, treatment and outcomes in men with germ cell tumors","volume":"122","author":"Markt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.05.019","article-title":"Assessment of online sites reliability, accountability, readability, accessibility, and translation for intravitreal injections","volume":"4","author":"Rayess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.25057","article-title":"Three Epochs of artificial intelligence in health care","volume":"331","author":"Howell","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2024.100681","article-title":"Large language models in ophthalmology: a review of publications from top ophthalmology journals","volume":"5","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/children11060750","article-title":"Exploring the role of ChatGPT-4, BingAI, and Gemini as virtual consultants to educate families about retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"11","author":"Durmaz Engin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-324533","article-title":"Comparing generative and retrieval-based chatbots in answering patient questions regarding age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy","volume":"108","author":"Cheong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the National Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0027968426000143?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0027968426000143?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T19:07:05Z","timestamp":1774465625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0027968426000143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0027968426000143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-9684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-9684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Accessibility and readability of Spanish and Portuguese-translated online information about common eye conditions: A cross-sectional content analysis study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the National Medical Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.01.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of National Medical Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}