{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:51:22Z","timestamp":1785894682422,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019659","name":"The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017551","name":"Children's National Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017551","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007108","name":"George Washington University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the National Medical Association"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:24:05Z","timestamp":1783974245000},"page":"726-733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Experiences with and reporting racism during medical school"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0312-8953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrina","family":"Dixon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Halley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dewesh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8998-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"DeWolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-5683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry","family":"Kind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004638","article-title":"Experiences of discrimination, institutional responses to seminal race events, and depressive symptoms in black U.S. medical students","volume":"97","author":"Milam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33067","article-title":"Experiences with racism among Asian American medical students","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0170-3","article-title":"The impact of everyday discrimination and racial identity centrality on African American medical student well-being: a report from the medical student CHANGE Study","volume":"3","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1514939","article-title":"Dealing with racist patients","volume":"374","author":"Paul-Emile","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07995-3","article-title":"Barriers in healthcare for Latinx patients with limited English proficiency-a narrative review","volume":"38","author":"Escobedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3447-7","article-title":"Medical school experiences associated with change in implicit racial bias among 3547 students: a Medical student CHANGES study report","volume":"30","author":"van Ryn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.19110","article-title":"Association of characteristics of the learning environment and US medical student burnout, empathy, and career regret","volume":"4","author":"Dyrbye","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1637","article-title":"Association of mistreatment and discrimination with medical school attrition","volume":"176","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0010","article-title":"Perceptions on burnout and the medical school learning environment of medical students who are underrepresented in medicine","volume":"5","author":"O'Marr","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055028","article-title":"Bridging the gap between educator and learner: the role of psychological safety in medical education","volume":"149","author":"McClintock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07716-w","article-title":"Wages JE 3rd, Perry SP. Black medical students' Sense of belonging and confidence in scholastic abilities at historically black vs predominantly white medical schools: a prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Nguemeni Tiako","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12947","article-title":"The effects of power, leadership and psychological safety on resident event reporting","volume":"50","author":"Appelbaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2147\/AMEP.S313250","article-title":"Cultural historical activity theory for studying practice-based learning and change in medical education","volume":"Volume 12","author":"Qureshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Med Educ Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0016","series-title":"Qualitative Data Analysis, A Methods Sourcebook","author":"Miles","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2759","article-title":"Factors that influence the choice of academic pediatrics by underrepresented minorities","volume":"144","author":"Dixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0018","first-page":"95","article-title":"Factors that influence underrepresented in medicine (UIM) medical students to pursue a career in academic pediatrics","volume":"113","author":"Dixon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0019","article-title":"Recognizing and responding to overt racism towards medical trainees: using the IRES tool and scripted language","volume":"20","author":"Gibbons","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005978","article-title":"Interprofessional debrief on racism, Equity, and microaggressions (I-DREAM): using simulation to change awareness, attitudes, and abilities across an institution","volume":"100","author":"Sran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1542\/hpeds.2025-008402","article-title":"Creating an inclusive environment: instituting a bias review system in a children's hospital","volume":"15","author":"Dixon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Journal of the National Medical Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0027968426001136?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0027968426001136?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:32:31Z","timestamp":1785893551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0027968426001136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0027968426001136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-9684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-9684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Experiences with and reporting racism during medical school","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the National Medical Association","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2026.06.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 National Medical Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}