{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:38:29Z","timestamp":1784900309857,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,21]],"date-time":"2004-04-21T08:14:02Z","timestamp":1082535242000},"page":"3-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["The pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with lesions at the foramen magnum: a critical review of existing theories and proposal of a new hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"220","author":[{"given":"David N","family":"Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB1","first-page":"1395","article-title":"Epidemiology of syringomyelia in Japan\u2014the nationwide survey","volume":"35","author":"Moriwaka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku-Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.2.0233","article-title":"Treatment of syringomyelia associated with arachnoid scarring caused by arachnoiditis or trauma","volume":"86","author":"Klekamp","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200304000-00015","article-title":"Spinal arachnoid cysts associated with syringomyelia: report of two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"16","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/02688699647384","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy with syringomyelia","volume":"10","author":"Kaar","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.4.0513","article-title":"Terminal syringohydromyelia and occult spinal dysraphism","volume":"81","author":"Iskandar","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199912000-00018","article-title":"Terminal syringomyelia in association with the tethered cord syndrome","volume":"45","author":"Erkan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198308000-00007","article-title":"Experience with surgical decompression of the Arnold\u2013Chiari malformation in young infants with myelomeningocele","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.77.4.0541","article-title":"Surgical decompression for symptomatic Chiari II malformation in neonates with myelomeningocele","volume":"77","author":"Vandertop","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30464-9","article-title":"Chiari II malformation and syringomyelia","volume":"6","author":"Rauzzino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1987.66.6.0812","article-title":"Symptomatic Arnold\u2013Chiari malformation: review of experience with 22 cases","volume":"66","author":"Bell","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199905000-00042","article-title":"Chiari I malformation redefined: clinical and radiographic findings for 364 symptomatic patients","volume":"44","author":"Milhorat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298449","article-title":"Scoliosis associated with syringomyelia presenting in children","volume":"8","author":"Isu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB13","first-page":"37","article-title":"Syringomy\u00e9lie de l'enfant","volume":"45","author":"Z\u00e9rah","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.1.0003","article-title":"Pathophysiology of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation of the cerebellar tonsils","volume":"80","author":"Oldfield","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1746","article-title":"Motion of the cerebellar tonsils in Chiari type I malformation studied by cine phase-contrast MRI","volume":"45","author":"Pujol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB16","first-page":"1785","article-title":"CSF flow measurement in syringomyelia","volume":"21","author":"Brugi\u00e9res","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB17","series-title":"Die syringomyelie","author":"Schlesinger","year":"1902"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB18","first-page":"169","article-title":"Contribution a l'\u00e9tude de la scl\u00e9rose diffuse p\u00e9ri-\u00e9pendymaire","volume":"21","author":"Hallopeau","year":"1869","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Soc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB19","first-page":"90","article-title":"Syringomy\u00e9lie non gliomateuse associ\u00e9e \u00e1 la maladie de Basedow","volume":"3","author":"Joffroy","year":"1891","journal-title":"Arch. M\u00e9d. Exp. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01949294","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie des Central-Nervensystems","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"1875","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB21","first-page":"119","article-title":"\u00dcber die Pathogenese der Syringomyelie, zugleich ein Beitrag zum Vorkommen von Kapillarh\u00e4mangiomen im R\u00fcckenmark","volume":"92","author":"Tannenberg","year":"1924","journal-title":"Z. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01949293","article-title":"Ueber einen Fall von H\u00f6hlen-und Geschwulst-bildung im R\u00fcckenmarke mit Erkrankung des verl\u00e4ngerten Marks und einzelner Hirnnerven","volume":"5","author":"Westphal","year":"1875","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB23","first-page":"173","article-title":"Syringomyelie mit Teratom-und extramedull\u00e4rer Blastom-bildung","volume":"25","author":"Bielschowsky","year":"1920","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Neurol. (Lpz.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197104000-00004","article-title":"Syringomyelia: the role of edema in its pathogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Feigin","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1920.02180140025003","article-title":"A contribution to the histopathology and histogenesis of syringomyelia","volume":"3","author":"Hassin","year":"1920","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000190499","article-title":"Zur Pathogenese der Syringomyelie und \u00fcber H\u00e4matomyelie bei Syringomyelie","volume":"54","author":"Henneberg","year":"1923","journal-title":"Monatsschr. Psychiatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB27","first-page":"25","article-title":"Syringomyelia: a neuropathological study of 18 autopsy cases","volume":"42","author":"Hinokuma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Jpn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01652397","article-title":"Zur Lehre der Syrimgomyelie","volume":"3","author":"Hoffman","year":"1893","journal-title":"Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilkd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01879533","article-title":"\u00dcber Hydromyelie und Syringomyelie","volume":"68","author":"Leyden","year":"1876","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-193711000-00004","article-title":"Rosenthal fibers in non-neoplastic syringomyelia","volume":"86","author":"Liber","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.5.0802","article-title":"Pathological basis of spinal cord cavitation in syringomyelia: analysis of 105 autopsy cases","volume":"82","author":"Milhorat","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1953.02320360056006","article-title":"Syringomyelia: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"70","author":"Netsky","year":"1953","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700730124","article-title":"The Arnold Chiari malformation and other neuroanatomical malformations associated with spina bifida","volume":"73","author":"Cameron","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198605000-00008","article-title":"Central nervous system anomalies associated with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and the Arnold\u2013Chiari malformation: reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects","volume":"18","author":"Gilbert","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB35","series-title":"Neurology","author":"Wilson","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.28.3.247","article-title":"Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele","volume":"28","author":"Gardner","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The development of the cerebrospinal spaces in pig and man","volume":"5","author":"Weed","year":"1917","journal-title":"Contrib. Embryol. (Carnegie Inst. Wash.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)91427-5","article-title":"The distending force in the production of \u201ccommunicating syringomyelia\u201d","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1969","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB39","series-title":"Syringomyelia: diagnosis and treatment","author":"Klekamp","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB40","first-page":"331","article-title":"Current concepts of syringomyelia","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB41","first-page":"533","article-title":"On the pathogenesis of the Chiari malformation","volume":"22","author":"Williams","year":"1977","journal-title":"Z. Kinderchir. Grenzgeb."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01411198","article-title":"Simultaneous cerebral and spinal fluid pressure recordings: 2. Cerebrospinal dissociation with lesions at the foramen magnum","volume":"59","author":"Williams","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB43","first-page":"239","article-title":"Syringomyelia without hindbrain herniation: tight cisterna magna","volume":"96","author":"Kyoshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.3.344","article-title":"Hypothesis on the pathophysiology of syringomyelia based on simulation of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics","volume":"74","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)92152-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis of syringomyelia","author":"Ball","year":"1972","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB46","first-page":"1","article-title":"La syringomy\u00e9lie et les liquides intra-rachidiens","volume":"25","author":"Aboulker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.4.0553","article-title":"Elucidating the pathophysiology of syringomyelia","volume":"91","author":"Heiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB48","first-page":"93","article-title":"Spinal cord swelling preceding syrinx development","volume":"92","author":"Levy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.4.273","article-title":"Syringomyelia and its surgical treatment\u2014an analysis of 75 patients","volume":"44","author":"Logue","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274073","article-title":"Hydromyelia: a critical review","volume":"4","author":"Wisoff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1988.68.5.0726","article-title":"Chiari I malformation with syringomyelia","volume":"68","author":"Batzdorf","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199411000-00011","article-title":"Posterior fossa reconstruction: a surgical technique for the treatment of Chiari I malformation and Chiari I\/syringomyelia complex\u2014preliminary results and magnetic resonance imaging quantitative assessment of hindbrain migration","volume":"35","author":"Sahuquillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02750996","article-title":"Surgical technique for cranio\u2013cervical decompression in syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation","volume":"139","author":"Vanaclocha","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. (Wien)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01401158","article-title":"Long-term results of the surgical treatment of syringohydromyelia","volume":"71","author":"Alvisi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199208000-00008","article-title":"Surgical treatment of syringomyelia based on magnetic resonance imaging criteria","volume":"31","author":"Milhorat","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.48.7.620","article-title":"Syringoperitoneal shunt for treatment of cord cavitation","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB57","first-page":"71","article-title":"The natural history of syringomyelia","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/20.CN_suppl_1.322","article-title":"Dynamic factors in the evolution of syringomyelia and syringobulbia","volume":"20","author":"Bertrand","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB59","first-page":"342","article-title":"Features of spontaneous improvement in syringomyelia with low-situated cerebellar tonsils","volume":"98","author":"Sudo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB60","first-page":"174","article-title":"Disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid flow attributable to arachnoid scarring cause interstitial edema of the cat spinal cord","volume":"48","author":"Klekamp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.8.1519-a","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of idiopathic syringomyelia","volume":"57","author":"Kastrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.52.6.0812","article-title":"Experimental syringomyelia: the relation between intraventricular and intrasyrinx pressures","volume":"52","author":"Hall","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(70)91829-5","article-title":"The distending force in the production of communicating syringomyelia","volume":"1","author":"Ellertsson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3109\/02688698908992690","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatment in post-traumatic syringomyelia","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199711000-00014","article-title":"Intramedullary pressure in syringomyelia: clinical and pathophysiological correlates of syrinx distension","volume":"41","author":"Milhorat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"Suppl. 35","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1975.tb03594.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid pressure-gradients in spina bifida cystica, with special reference to the Arnold\u2013Chiari malformation and aqueductal stenosis","author":"Williams","year":"1975","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91383-6","article-title":"Evidence for a \u2018paravascular\u2019 fluid circulation in the mammalian central nervous system, provided by the rapid distribution of tracer protein throughout the brain from the subarachnoid space","volume":"326","author":"Rennels","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.4.0686","article-title":"Arterial pulsation-dependent perivascular cerebrospinal fluid flow into the central canal in the sheep spinal cord","volume":"86","author":"Stoodley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91275-6","article-title":"Distribution of extracellular tracers in perivascular spaces of the rat brain","volume":"545","author":"Ichimura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1969.tb01254.x","article-title":"Syringomyelia and other cystic spinal cord lesions","volume":"45","author":"Ellertsson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1969.tb01253.x","article-title":"Semiologic diagnosis of syringomyelia related to roentgenologic findings","volume":"45","author":"Ellertsson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1944.141.1.42","article-title":"Arterial, cerebrospinal and venous pressures in man during cough and strain","volume":"141","author":"Hamilton","year":"1944","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB73","series-title":"Clinical autonomic disorders","first-page":"209","article-title":"The Valsalva maneuver","author":"Benarroch","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(01)00601-3","article-title":"The pathophysiology of lumbar puncture headache","volume":"192","author":"Levine","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1976.44.6.0698","article-title":"Body position and cerebrospinal fluid pressure: Part 2. Clinical studies on orthostatic pressure and the hydrostatic indifferent point","volume":"44","author":"Magnaes","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.20.9.860","article-title":"Veins of the spinal cord: anatomic details; suggested clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Gillilan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB77","first-page":"195","article-title":"The vertebral vein system: Caldwell lecture","volume":"78","author":"Batson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB78","series-title":"Theory of elasticity","author":"Timoshenko","year":"1951"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB79","series-title":"Physiology of the CSF and blood\u2013brain barriers","author":"Davson","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB80","series-title":"Greenfield's neuropathology","author":"Graham","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB81","first-page":"7","article-title":"The \u201cpresyrinx\u201d state: a reversible myelopathic condition that may precede syringomyelia","volume":"20","author":"Fischbein","year":"1999","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30579-5","article-title":"Surgical treatment of syringobulbia","volume":"4","author":"Williams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB83","first-page":"245","article-title":"Radiologic demonstration of syringobulbia: report of 8 cases","volume":"369","author":"Valentini","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Radiol. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198705000-00007","article-title":"MR imaging of syringobulbia","volume":"11","author":"Sherman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1006\/bulm.1999.0116","article-title":"The pathogenesis of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a theoretical analysis","volume":"61","author":"Levine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198709000-00012","article-title":"Hydrosyringomyelia and its management in childhood","volume":"21","author":"Hoffman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100813","article-title":"The Chiari\/hydrosyringomyelia complex presenting in adults with myelomeningocele: an indication for early intervention","volume":"37","author":"Craig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1962.19.6.0462","article-title":"Tumors in the region of the foramen magnum","volume":"19","author":"Cohen","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB89","first-page":"313","article-title":"Tumeurs sous-durales du trou occipital","volume":"82","author":"Martin","year":"1950","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000203111","article-title":"Weitere Beitr\u00e4ge zur Diagnose und Differentialdiagnose des Tumor medullae spinalis","volume":"33","author":"Oppenheim","year":"1913","journal-title":"Monatsschr. Psychiatr. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1929.02210200017003","article-title":"Tumors of the spinal cord which project into the posterior cranial fossa. Report of a case in which a growth was removed from the ventral and lateral aspects of the medulla oblongata and upper cervical cord","volume":"21","author":"Elsberg","year":"1929","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/60.1.52","article-title":"Compression of the spinal cord in the neighbourhood of the foramen magnum","volume":"60","author":"Symonds","year":"1937","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1963.20.9.0740","article-title":"Meningiomas of the foramen magnum","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.19.11.1127","article-title":"Cervical syringomyelia associated with occipital meningioma","volume":"19","author":"Kosary","year":"1969","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(85)90098-9","article-title":"Syringomyelia associated with a foramen magnum meningioma","volume":"23","author":"Hirata","year":"1985","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/97.1.473","article-title":"Foramen magnum and high cervical cord compression","volume":"97","author":"Taylor","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.10.1072","article-title":"Chiari malformation in adults: relation of morphological aspects to clinical features and operative outcome","volume":"56","author":"Stevens","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199211000-00013","article-title":"Syringomyelia in Chiari malformation: relation to extent of cerebellar tissue herniation","volume":"31","author":"Stovner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.1.0067","article-title":"Significance of positive Queckenstedt test in patients with syringomyelia associated with Arnold\u2013Chiari malformations","volume":"76","author":"Tachibana","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB100","first-page":"11","article-title":"Conventional and CT metrizamide myelography in Arnold\u2013Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"1987","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB101","first-page":"249","article-title":"Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of spinal tumors","volume":"10","author":"Parizel","year":"1989","journal-title":"AJNR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB102","first-page":"298","article-title":"Resolution of syringomyelia and basilar invagination after traction: case illustration","volume":"98","author":"Joseph","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB103","series-title":"Syringomyelia","author":"Barnett","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699409002388","article-title":"Progressive post-traumatic cystic and non-cystic myelopathy","volume":"8","author":"Edgar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00348-8","article-title":"Ventricular size in pseudotumor cerebri and the theory of impaired CSF absorption","volume":"177","author":"Levine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB106","series-title":"The finite element method using MATLAB","author":"Kwon","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.4.334","article-title":"Pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"62","author":"Levine","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X04000607?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X04000607?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T04:20:13Z","timestamp":1705119613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X04000607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022510X04000607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2004.01.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}}}