{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T15:42:16Z","timestamp":1751384536921,"version":"3.33.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,1]],"date-time":"2007-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1185926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,17]],"date-time":"2007-04-17T11:16:56Z","timestamp":1176808616000},"page":"67-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Therapeutic use of dextromethorphan: Key learnings from treatment of pseudobulbar affect"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"259","author":[{"given":"Ariel","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hillel","family":"Panitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1053\/scnp.2000.9554","article-title":"The neuropsychiatry of pathologic affect: an approach to evaluation and treatment","volume":"5","author":"Arciniegas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib2","first-page":"394","article-title":"Pathological laughing and weeping in patients with progressive bulbar palsy","volume":"14","author":"Poeck","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ger Med Mon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550210050012","article-title":"Prevalence and neurobehavioral correlates of pathological laughing and crying in multiple sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Feinstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500230087017","article-title":"Control of emotional expression in pseudobulbar palsy. A personal experience","volume":"34","author":"Lieberman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6679.991","article-title":"Emotionalism after stroke","volume":"298","author":"House","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"year":"1872","series-title":"The expression of the emotions in man and animals","author":"Darwin","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679309075822","article-title":"Emotional lability after stroke","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679609065020","article-title":"Pathological laughing and crying","volume":"30","author":"Dark","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900026602","article-title":"The differential diagnosis of pseudobulbar affect (PBA): distinguishing PBA among disorders of mood and affect","volume":"10","author":"Arciniegas","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.09.018","article-title":"Pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis: toward the development of innovative therapeutic strategies","volume":"245","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","article-title":"An inventory for measuring depression","volume":"4","author":"Beck","year":"1961","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.3.456a","article-title":"Pathological laughing and crying","volume":"151","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.6.968","article-title":"Syndromes and phenomenological subtypes underlying acute mania: a factor analytic study of 576 manic patients","volume":"159","author":"Sato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.36.154.338","article-title":"Does mania include two distinct varieties of Insanity, and should it be sub-divided?","volume":"36","author":"Robertson","year":"1890","journal-title":"J Ment Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198506063122303","article-title":"Treatment of pathologic laughing and weeping with amitriptyline","volume":"312","author":"Schiffer","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.2.286","article-title":"Pathological laughing and crying following stroke: validation of a measurement scale and a double-blind treatment study","volume":"150","author":"Robinson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198909)45:5<786::AID-JCLP2270450515>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The affective lability scales: development, reliability, and validity","volume":"45","author":"Harvey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.59.1.55","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of pathological affective display in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"59","author":"Starkstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16.4.426","article-title":"Pathological laughing and crying following traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Tateno","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(99)00211-7","article-title":"The emotional lability questionnaire: a new measure of emotional lability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"169","author":"Newsom-Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.1.89","article-title":"A self report measure of affective lability","volume":"63","author":"Moore","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1106oa","article-title":"Validation off cns emotional liability scale for pseudobulbar affect (pathological laughing and crying) in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.s1-4.16.299","article-title":"Some problems in neurology. II: Pathological laughing and crying","volume":"IV","author":"Wilson","year":"1924","journal-title":"J Neurol Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/79.4.589","article-title":"Disorders of laughter due to brain lesions","volume":"79","author":"Ironside","year":"1956","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib26","series-title":"Handbook of clinical neurology","first-page":"343","article-title":"Pathophysiology of emotional disorders associated with brain damage","author":"Poeck","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000117005","article-title":"Temporary forced laughter after unilateral strokes","volume":"34","author":"Ceccaldi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib28","first-page":"2321","article-title":"Pathological laughter and crying in unilateral stroke","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.9.1805","article-title":"Poststroke depression and emotional incontinence: correlation with lesion location","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510160016003","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetry in the expression of positive and negative emotions. Neurologic evidence","volume":"39","author":"Sackeim","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(83)90024-X","article-title":"Mood changes in stroke patients: relationship to lesion location","volume":"24","author":"Robinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.1.81","article-title":"Mood disorders in stroke patients. Importance of location of lesion","volume":"107","author":"Robinson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800270061007","article-title":"Comparison of patients with and without poststroke major depression matched for size and location of lesion","volume":"45","author":"Starkstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.154.2.170","article-title":"Affective disorders and cerebral vascular disease","volume":"154","author":"Starkstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1708","article-title":"Pathological laughter and crying: a link to the cerebellum","volume":"124","author":"Parvizi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20607","article-title":"Acute pathological laughter","volume":"20","author":"Okuda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199112000-00021","article-title":"Amelioration of pseudobulbar affect by fluoxetine: possible alteration of dopamine-related pathophysiology by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor","volume":"11","author":"Lauterbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142042.50528.2F","article-title":"Treatment of pseudobulbar affect in ALS with dextromethorphan\/quinidine: a randomized trial","volume":"63","author":"Brooks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050210093023","article-title":"Pathologic laughing and crying treated with levodopa","volume":"41","author":"Udaka","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92696-Q","article-title":"Citalopram for post-stroke pathological crying","volume":"342","author":"Andersen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<681::AID-GPS49>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Sertraline in stroke-associated lability of mood","volume":"14","author":"Burns","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/026990599121197","article-title":"Paroxetine versus citalopram treatment of pathological crying after brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Muller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Review of pseudobulbar affect including a novel and new potential therapy","author":"Schiffer","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib43"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.8.1110","article-title":"Serum anticholinergicity in elderly depressed patients treated with paroxetine or nortriptyline","volume":"155","author":"Pollock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib45","series-title":"Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","first-page":"447","article-title":"Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders: depression and anxiety disorders","author":"Baldessarini","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.77","article-title":"Dextromethorphan: enhancing its systemic availability by way of low-dose quinidine-mediated inhibition of cytochrome P4502D6","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450013348335","article-title":"Neuroprotection by NMDA receptor antagonists in a variety of neuropathologies","volume":"2","author":"Palmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.043166","article-title":"Dextromethorphan protects dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated degeneration through inhibition of microglial activation","volume":"305","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193S","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015925225766","article-title":"Dextromethorphan\/dextrorphan disposition in rat plasma and brain","volume":"5","author":"Wills","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90558-1","article-title":"Dextromethorphan attenuates post-ischemic hypoperfusion following incomplete global ischemia in the anesthetized rat","volume":"482","author":"Tortella","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib52","first-page":"548","article-title":"Autoradiographic localization of 3H-dextromethorphan binding sites differs from NMDA","volume":"95","author":"Tortella","year":"1989","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(89)90050-3","article-title":"Dextromethorphan and neuromodulation: old drug coughs up new activities","volume":"10","author":"Tortella","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib54","first-page":"207","article-title":"High affinity dextromethorphan binding sites in guinea pig brain. Effect of sigma ligands and other agents","volume":"251","author":"Klein","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(96)00160-1","article-title":"Neuroprotective and anti-amnesic potentials of sigma (sigma) receptor ligands","volume":"21","author":"Maurice","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(98)00088-4","article-title":"Opioid analgesics as noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists","volume":"56","author":"Ebert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00112-6","article-title":"The interaction between neuroactive steroids and the sigma1 receptor function: behavioral consequences and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"37","author":"Maurice","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(89)90510-9","article-title":"Dextromethorphan and sigma ligands: common sites but diverse effects","volume":"45","author":"Musacchio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199619020-00009","article-title":"A controlled one-year trial of dextromethorphan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Blin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00231.x","article-title":"A clinical trial of dextromethorphan in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Gredal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198908000-00010","article-title":"An open label trial of dextromethorphan in Huntington's disease","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II36","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007759","article-title":"Antiparkinsonian and antidyskinetic activity of drugs targeting central glutamatergic mechanisms","volume":"247","author":"Chase","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90056-6","article-title":"Dextromethorphan for the treatment of neuropathic pain: a double-blind randomised controlled crossover trial with integral n-of-1 design","volume":"59","author":"McQuay","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00009-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy: pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"107","author":"Vinik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(99)00125-6","article-title":"NMDA-receptor antagonists in neuropathic pain: experimental methods to clinical trials","volume":"19","author":"Sang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03018952","article-title":"The role of dextromethorphan in pain control","volume":"47","author":"Weinbroum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200209000-00002","article-title":"Dextromethorphan for phantom pain attenuation in cancer amputees: a double-blind crossover trial involving three patients","volume":"18","author":"Ben Abraham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00455-9","article-title":"Analgesic effects of dextromethorphan and morphine in patients with chronic pain","volume":"96","author":"Heiskanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200205000-00005","article-title":"Dextromethorphan and memantine in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: efficacy and dose\u2013response trials","volume":"96","author":"Sang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270004269521","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan after single or multiple dosing in combination with quinidine in extensive and poor metabolizers","volume":"44","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015835215945","article-title":"Phenotypic differences in dextromethorphan metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Vetticaden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05250.x","article-title":"Sparteine oxidation is practically abolished in quinidine-treated patients","volume":"22","author":"Brinn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05251.x","article-title":"Quinidine: potent inhibition of sparteine and debrisoquine oxidation in vivo","volume":"22","author":"Inaba","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00615971","article-title":"Single-dose quinidine treatment inhibits metoprolol oxidation in extensive metabolizers","volume":"29","author":"Leemann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00870989","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of quinidine in extensive and poor metabolisers of sparteine","volume":"31","author":"Mikus","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1987.tb01758.x","article-title":"Extensive metabolizers of debrisoquine become poor metabolizers during quinidine treatment","volume":"60","author":"Brosen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03502.x","article-title":"Effect of quinidine on the dextromethorphan O-demethylase activity of microsomal fractions from human liver","volume":"28","author":"Broly","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib78","series-title":"Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics","first-page":"839","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic drugs","author":"Roden","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20828","article-title":"Dextromethorphan\/quinidine for pseudobulbar affect in multiple sclerosis","volume":"59","author":"Panitch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)37996-0","article-title":"Contribution of cytochrome P-4502D6 phenotype to the neuromodulatory effects of dextromethorphan","volume":"288","author":"Desmeules","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib81","first-page":"713","article-title":"Dextrorphan and levorphanol selectively block N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated neurotoxicity on cortical neurons","volume":"242","author":"Choi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90060-5","article-title":"Non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists protect against sound-induced seizures in DBA\/2 mice","volume":"166","author":"Chapman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-01-00731.1995","article-title":"Sigma ligands indirectly modulate the NMDA receptor-ion channel complex on intact neuronal cells via sigma 1 site","volume":"15","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90198-U","article-title":"Prospects for clinically tolerated NMDA antagonists: open-channel blockers and alternative redox states of nitric oxide","volume":"16","author":"Lipton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90186-8","article-title":"Glutamate-induced neuronal death: a succession of necrosis or apoptosis depending on mitochondrial function","volume":"15","author":"Ankarcrona","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389701200802","article-title":"Glutamate in neurologic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Bittigau","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.1998.11.9.863689","article-title":"Glutamate in CNS disorders as a target for drug development: an update","volume":"11","author":"Parsons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug News Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/271557a0","article-title":"Glutamate neurotoxicity and Huntington's chorea","volume":"271","author":"Olney","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(90)90206-L","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of memantine demonstrated in vivo and in vitro","volume":"185","author":"Seif","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01294-R","article-title":"Sigma receptor-mediated neuroprotection against glutamate toxicity in primary rat neuronal cultures","volume":"671","author":"DeCoster","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)91304-2","article-title":"Morphinans attenuate cortical neuronal injury induced by glucose deprivation in vitro","volume":"446","author":"Monyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(92)90549-M","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects of dextromethorphan on guinea pig-derived hippocampal slices during hypoxia","volume":"139","author":"Radek","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90317-4","article-title":"Dextromethorphan attenuates hypoxia-induced neuronal dysfunction in rat neocortical slices","volume":"178","author":"Luhmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.9.1112","article-title":"Dextromethorphan protects against cerebral injury following transient focal ischemia in rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Steinberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90581-2","article-title":"Dextromethorphan protects against cerebral infarction in a rat model of hypoxia\u2013ischemia","volume":"85","author":"Prince","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199408000-00026","article-title":"Dextromethorphan inhibits ischemia-induced c-fos expression and delayed neuronal death in hippocampal neurons","volume":"81","author":"Bokesch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02962139","article-title":"Efficacy of competitive vs noncompetitive blockade of the NMDA channel following traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Golding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Chem Neuropathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X07001554?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X07001554?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T20:28:10Z","timestamp":1736972890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X07001554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022510X07001554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-510X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}}}