{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:08:40Z","timestamp":1790885320858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 GM007752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM007752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007911","name":"University of California, San Diego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007911","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008272","name":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000854","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000854","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA019674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA019674"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH051699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH051699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS048478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS048478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jns-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,18]],"date-time":"2013-03-18T20:32:19Z","timestamp":1363638739000},"page":"9-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Fingolimod: Direct CNS effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulation and implications in multiple sclerosis therapy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"Aran","family":"Groves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerold","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6741-1_10","article-title":"Extracellular and intracellular actions of sphingosine-1-phosphate","volume":"688","author":"Strub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2011.09.003","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and its role in disease","volume":"22","author":"Maceyka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01622.x","article-title":"Insights into the pharmacological relevance of lysophospholipid receptors","volume":"165","author":"Mutoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)96805-5","article-title":"The metabolism of sphingomyelin. I. Purification and properties of a sphingomyelin-cleaving enzyme from rat liver tissue","volume":"241","author":"Kanfer","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2006.07.001","article-title":"Ceramide\/sphingosine\/sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism on the cell surface and in the extracellular space","volume":"19","author":"Tani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23722","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.37.23722","article-title":"Molecular cloning and functional characterization of murine sphingosine kinase","volume":"273","author":"Kohama","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19513","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M002759200","article-title":"Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a novel mammalian sphingosine kinase type 2 isoform","volume":"275","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181cbf825","article-title":"Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Chun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2010.522975","article-title":"Roles for lysophospholipid S1P receptors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Noguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.135.4.1071","article-title":"Ventricular zone gene-1 (vzg-1) encodes a lysophosphatidic acid receptor expressed in neurogenic regions of the developing cerebral cortex","volume":"135","author":"Hecht","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01301-X","article-title":"Identification of cDNAs encoding two G protein-coupled receptors for lysosphingolipids","volume":"417","author":"An","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7906","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.14.7906","article-title":"Characterization of a novel subtype of human G protein-coupled receptor for lysophosphatidic acid","volume":"273","author":"An","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5356.1552","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EDG-1","volume":"279","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22105","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.34.22105","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates the G-protein-coupled receptor EDG-1 as a low affinity agonist","volume":"273","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(98)00589-7","article-title":"Comparative analysis of three murine G-protein coupled receptors activated by sphingosine-1-phosphate","volume":"227","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980907)398:4<587::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid receptor gene vzg-1\/lpA1\/edg-2 is expressed by mature oligodendrocytes during myelination in the postnatal murine brain","volume":"398","author":"Weiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-04-01371.1999","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates neurotransmitter-like conductance changes that precede GABA and l-glutamate in early, presumptive cortical neuroblasts","volume":"19","author":"Dubin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5233","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5233","article-title":"Schwann cell survival mediated by the signaling phospholipid lysophosphatidic acid","volume":"96","author":"Weiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.24.13384","article-title":"Requirement for the lpA1 lysophosphatidic acid receptor gene in normal suckling behavior","volume":"97","author":"Contos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9930","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a novel extracellular regulator of cortical neuroblast morphology","volume":"228","author":"Fukushima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)12460-1","article-title":"Functional comparisons of the lysophosphatidic acid receptors, LP(A1)\/VZG-1\/EDG-2, LP(A2)\/EDG-4, and LP(A3)\/EDG-7 in neuronal cell lines using a retrovirus expression system","volume":"58","author":"Ishii","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33697","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104441200","article-title":"Selective loss of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling with no obvious phenotypic abnormality in mice lacking its G protein-coupled receptor, LP(B3)\/EDG-3","volume":"276","author":"Ishii","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7069","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-18-07069.2001","article-title":"Regulation of Schwann cell morphology and adhesion by receptor-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signaling","volume":"21","author":"Weiner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6921","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.19.6921-6929.2002","article-title":"Characterization of lpa(2) (Edg4) and lpa(1)\/lpa(2) (Edg2\/Edg4) lysophosphatidic acid receptor knockout mice: signaling deficits without obvious phenotypic abnormality attributable to lpa(2)","volume":"22","author":"Contos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.01-09-0465","article-title":"Dual regulation of actin rearrangement through lysophosphatidic acid receptor in neuroblast cell lines: actin depolymerization by Ca(2+)-alpha-actinin and polymerization by rho","volume":"13","author":"Fukushima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2002.1123","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid influences the morphology and motility of young, postmitotic cortical neurons","volume":"20","author":"Fukushima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03404-X","article-title":"Embryonic brain expression analysis of lysophospholipid receptor genes suggests roles for s1p(1) in neurogenesis and s1p(1\u20133) in angiogenesis","volume":"531","author":"McGiffert","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1157","article-title":"Non-proliferative effects of lysophosphatidic acid enhance cortical growth and folding","volume":"6","author":"Kingsbury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)03527-3","article-title":"Pharmacological characterization of lysophospholipid receptor signal transduction pathways in rat cerebrocortical astrocytes","volume":"990","author":"Rao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1060","article-title":"Initiation of neuropathic pain requires lysophosphatidic acid receptor signaling","volume":"10","author":"Inoue","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.03.005","article-title":"Growth factor pre-treatment differentially regulates phosphoinositide turnover downstream of lysophospholipid receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptors in cultured rat cerebrocortical astrocytes","volume":"22","author":"Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.04.015","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonists attenuate relapsing\u2013remitting experimental autoimmune encephalitis in SJL mice","volume":"153","author":"Webb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2006.09.008","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid stimulates neuronal differentiation of cortical neuroblasts through the LPA1-G(i\/o) pathway","volume":"50","author":"Fukushima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4245-06.2007","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is required for maintenance of hair cells mainly via activation of S1P2","volume":"27","author":"Herr","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm132","article-title":"Absence of LPA1 signaling results in defective cortical development","volume":"18","author":"Estivill-Torrus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0180","first-page":"20","article-title":"Lysophospholipids and their receptors in the central nervous system","volume":"2013","author":"Choi","year":"1831","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17608","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.330183","article-title":"Targeted deletion of LPA5 identifies novel roles for lysophosphatidic acid signaling in development of neuropathic pain","volume":"287","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106129108","article-title":"Stereotyped fetal brain disorganization is induced by hypoxia and requires lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1) signaling","volume":"108","author":"Herr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99ra87","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002095","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid signaling may initiate fetal hydrocephalus","volume":"3","author":"Yung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.08.010","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors as emerging targets for treatment of pain","volume":"84","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2012.749255","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist FTY720 (fingolimod) in animal models of stroke","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.12.012","article-title":"FTY720 improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury by primarily nonimmunomodulatory mechanisms","volume":"180","author":"Norimatsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2003.09.003","article-title":"Microglial activation state and lysophospholipid acid receptor expression","volume":"21","author":"Tham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820d9507","article-title":"The neurobiology of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators","volume":"76","author":"Soliven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.507","article-title":"Lysophospholipid receptors","volume":"41","author":"Fukushima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(02)00142-7","article-title":"Pathways of transduction engaged by sphingosine 1-phosphate through G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"1582","author":"Siehler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20555","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400013200","article-title":"Lysophospholipid G protein-coupled receptors","volume":"279","author":"Anliker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.73.011303.073731","article-title":"Lysophospholipid receptors: signaling and biology","volume":"73","author":"Ishii","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7420com","article-title":"Activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P5 inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor migration","volume":"21","author":"Novgorodov","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070238","article-title":"Alteration of lymphocyte trafficking by sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonists","volume":"296","author":"Mandala","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21453","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C200176200","article-title":"The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors","volume":"277","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3248","article-title":"Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0265","first-page":"213","article-title":"A mechanistically novel, first oral therapy for multiple sclerosis: the development of fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya)","volume":"12","author":"Chun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22426","article-title":"Mechanisms of fingolimod's efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02284","article-title":"Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1","volume":"427","author":"Matloubian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0910fje","article-title":"The immunosuppressant FTY720 down-regulates sphingosine 1-phosphate G-protein-coupled receptors","volume":"18","author":"Graler","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9082","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610318200","article-title":"Immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 agonists induce ubiquitinylation and proteasomal degradation of the receptor","volume":"282","author":"Oo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0548com","article-title":"Activation-regulated expression and chemotactic function of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in mouse splenic T cells","volume":"16","author":"Graeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327609.57688.ea","article-title":"FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Mehling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139221","article-title":"Promotion of lymphocyte egress into blood and lymph by distinct sources of sphingosine-1-phosphate","volume":"316","author":"Pappu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.127183","article-title":"Brain penetration of the oral immunomodulatory drug FTY720 and its phosphorylation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: consequences for mode of action in multiple sclerosis","volume":"323","author":"Foster","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.06.031","article-title":"Central nervous system-directed effects of FTY720 (fingolimod)","volume":"274","author":"Miron","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.091234","article-title":"Fingolimod (FTY720) enhances remyelination following demyelination of organotypic cerebellar slices","volume":"176","author":"Miron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014154108","article-title":"FTY720 (fingolimod) efficacy in an animal model of multiple sclerosis requires astrocyte sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) modulation","volume":"108","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn190","article-title":"A defect of sphingolipid metabolism modifies the properties of normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Wheeler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.04.052","article-title":"Intrathecal increase of sphingosine 1-phosphate at early stage multiple sclerosis","volume":"477","author":"Kulakowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14134","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.076810","article-title":"Neurons and oligodendrocytes recycle sphingosine 1-phosphate to ceramide: significance for apoptosis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"285","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21021","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 and 3 are upregulated in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"58","author":"Van Doorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23905","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023905","article-title":"Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 are functionally upregulated on astrocytes under pro-inflammatory conditions","volume":"6","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480251111","article-title":"The tripartite CNTF receptor complex: activation and signaling involves components shared with other cytokines","volume":"25","author":"Stahl","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5337.477","article-title":"Regulation of gliogenesis in the central nervous system by the JAK\u2013STAT signaling pathway","volume":"278","author":"Bonni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(97)00020-8","article-title":"Cytokines which signal through the LIF receptor and their actions in the nervous system","volume":"52","author":"Murphy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.08.037","article-title":"Evidence that embryonic neurons regulate the onset of cortical gliogenesis via cardiotrophin-1","volume":"48","author":"Barnabe-Heider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0370","first-page":"342","article-title":"The astrocyte odyssey","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0005-7","article-title":"Roles of glial cells in synapse development","volume":"66","author":"Pfrieger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0619-8","article-title":"Astrocytes: biology and pathology","volume":"119","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2010.12.001","article-title":"Astrocyte-neuron metabolic relationships: for better and for worse","volume":"34","author":"Allaman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.188326.112","article-title":"Astrocytes and disease: a neurodevelopmental perspective","volume":"26","author":"Molofsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.03.047","article-title":"Astrocytes in the tempest of multiple sclerosis","volume":"585","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22482","article-title":"How factors secreted from astrocytes impact myelin repair","volume":"89","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-6","article-title":"Bioluminescence in vivo imaging of autoimmune encephalomyelitis predicts disease","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01585.x","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces proliferation of astrocytes: regulation by intracellular signalling cascades","volume":"13","author":"Pebay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02955.x","article-title":"Extracellular release of newly synthesized sphingosine-1-phosphate by cerebellar granule cells and astrocytes","volume":"92","author":"Anelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.5.1199","article-title":"Common signaling pathways link activation of murine PAR-1, LPA, and S1P receptors to proliferation of astrocytes","volume":"64","author":"Sorensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn126","article-title":"Sphingosine kinase 1\/S1P receptor signaling axis controls glial proliferation in mice with Sandhoff disease","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04629.x","article-title":"Phosphorylated FTY720 promotes astrocyte migration through sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors","volume":"102","author":"Mullershausen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.11.010","article-title":"Phosphorylated FTY720 stimulates ERK phosphorylation in astrocytes via S1P receptors","volume":"52","author":"Osinde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1995","article-title":"Dissecting demyelination","volume":"10","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00791-1","article-title":"Edg-8 receptors are preferentially expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage cells of the rat CNS","volume":"116","author":"Terai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10297","article-title":"Characterization of lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate-mediated signal transduction in rat cortical oligodendrocytes","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4645-04.2005","article-title":"Edg8\/S1P5: an oligodendroglial receptor with dual function on process retraction and cell survival","volume":"25","author":"Jaillard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20576","article-title":"Functional consequences of S1P receptor modulation in rat oligodendroglial lineage cells","volume":"55","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.080478","article-title":"Cyclical and dose-dependent responses of adult human mature oligodendrocytes to fingolimod","volume":"173","author":"Miron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21227","article-title":"FTY720 modulates human oligodendrocyte progenitor process extension and survival","volume":"63","author":"Miron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.123927","article-title":"The immunomodulator FTY720 has a direct cytoprotective effect in oligodendrocyte progenitors","volume":"323","author":"Coelho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.02219.x","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate induces proliferation and morphological changes of neural progenitor cells","volume":"88","author":"Harada","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01465-06","article-title":"Involvement of sphingosine-1-phosphate in glutamate secretion in hippocampal neurons","volume":"27","author":"Kajimoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11113","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.24.11113-11121.2005","article-title":"Essential role for sphingosine kinases in neural and vascular development","volume":"25","author":"Mizugishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01634.x","article-title":"An essential role for the H218\/AGR16\/Edg-5\/LP(B2) sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor in neuronal excitability","volume":"14","author":"MacLennan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10690","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M700370200","article-title":"Deafness and stria vascularis defects in S1P2 receptor-null mice","volume":"282","author":"Kono","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200137200","article-title":"Marked perinatal lethality and cellular signaling deficits in mice null for the two sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, S1P(2)\/LP(B2)\/EDG-5 and S1P(3)\/LP(B3)\/EDG-3","volume":"277","author":"Ishii","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.09.002","article-title":"Frequent spontaneous seizures followed by spatial working memory\/anxiety deficits in mice lacking sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2","volume":"22","author":"Akahoshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6952","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-18-06952.1997","article-title":"Involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate in nerve growth factor-mediated neuronal survival and differentiation","volume":"17","author":"Edsall","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200402016","article-title":"Differential transactivation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors modulates NGF-induced neurite extension","volume":"166","author":"Toman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.111575","article-title":"Intracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate mediates the increased excitability produced by nerve growth factor in rat sensory neurons","volume":"575","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.10.004","article-title":"Fingolimod protects cultured cortical neurons against excitotoxic death","volume":"67","author":"Di Menna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.01.003","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of FTY720 do not prevent neuronal cell loss in a rat model of optic neuritis","volume":"178","author":"Rau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01579.x","article-title":"Oral fingolimod rescues the functional deficits of synapses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"165","author":"Rossi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383087","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/383087","article-title":"Animal models of MS reveal multiple roles of microglia in disease pathogenesis","volume":"2011","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurol Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061931","article-title":"The fibrin-derived gamma377-395 peptide inhibits microglia activation and suppresses relapsing paralysis in central nervous system autoimmune disease","volume":"204","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.12.020","article-title":"Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in activated microglia","volume":"166","author":"Nayak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.006","article-title":"Differential responses of human microglia and blood-derived myeloid cells to FTY720","volume":"230","author":"Durafourt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-011-9698-x","article-title":"Non-phosphorylated FTY720 induces apoptosis of human microglia by activating SREBP2","volume":"31","author":"Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00019.x","article-title":"FTY720 attenuates accumulation of EMAP-II+ and MHC-II+ monocytes in early lesions of rat traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.08.142","article-title":"The immunomodulatory sphingosine 1-phosphate analog FTY720 reduces lesion size and improves neurological outcome in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia","volume":"389","author":"Czech","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-76","article-title":"Fingolimod modulates microglial activation to augment markers of remyelination","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.112","article-title":"Targeting dendritic cells to treat multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Comabella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-010-0607-4","article-title":"The role of dendritic cells in CNS autoimmunity","volume":"88","author":"Zozulya","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102261","article-title":"A sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1-directed agonist reduces central nervous system inflammation in a plasmacytoid dendritic cell-dependent manner","volume":"189","author":"Galicia-Rosas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl043","article-title":"Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Stasiolek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2005.01085.x","article-title":"The sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist FTY720 modulates dendritic cell trafficking in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Lan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-183301","article-title":"Dynamic accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in lymph nodes is regulated by interferon-beta","volume":"114","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930601183522","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain-barrier in multiple sclerosis: functional roles and therapeutic targeting","volume":"40","author":"Correale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81661-X","article-title":"Vascular endothelial cell adherens junction assembly and morphogenesis induced by sphingosine-1-phosphate","volume":"99","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-262386","article-title":"Protein S controls hypoxic\/ischemic blood\u2013brain barrier disruption through the TAM receptor Tyro3 and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor","volume":"115","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47281","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M306896200","article-title":"Phosphorylation and action of the immunomodulator FTY720 inhibits vascular endothelial cell growth factor-induced vascular permeability","volume":"278","author":"Sanchez","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200309-1258OC","article-title":"Protective effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate in murine endotoxin-induced inflammatory lung injury","volume":"169","author":"Peng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2007.03.011","article-title":"Pulmonary endothelial cell barrier enhancement by FTY720 does not require the S1P1 receptor","volume":"19","author":"Dudek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-009-0081-y","article-title":"Cellular elements of the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"34","author":"Correale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00241-0","article-title":"Plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteases, mediators of extracellular proteolysis in inflammatory demyelination of the central nervous system","volume":"94","author":"Cuzner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.7.1397","article-title":"Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels are related to MRI activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Waubant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00182.x","article-title":"FTY720 rescue therapy in the dark agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: expression of central nervous system genes and reversal of blood\u2013brain-barrier damage","volume":"19","author":"Foster","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511400476","article-title":"Immunosuppression with FTY720 is insufficient to prevent secondary progressive neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"17","author":"Al-Izki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2007.06.023","article-title":"FTY720 sustains and restores neuronal function in the DA rat model of MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"74","author":"Balatoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0675","first-page":"439","article-title":"FTY720, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of T cell infiltration","volume":"2","author":"Kataoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22196","article-title":"FTY720 ameliorates MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing both cellular and humoral immune responses","volume":"88","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2011.06.007","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator fingolimod (FTY720) does not promote remyelination in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-173203","article-title":"Neurobiological effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulation in the cuprizone model","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0695","first-page":"S275","article-title":"Oral fingolimod (FTY720) therapy reduces blood\u2013brain barrier breakdown, microglial activation, and leukocyte recruitment in a focal DTH model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Anthony","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0700","first-page":"S283","article-title":"Fingolimod (FTY720) therapy reduces demyelination and microglial activation in a focal DTH model of multiple sclerosis during the remission phase","volume":"16","author":"Anthony","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206093109","article-title":"Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulator, increases BDNF levels and improves symptoms of a mouse model of Rett syndrome","volume":"109","author":"Deogracias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22272","article-title":"S1P1 receptor subtype inhibits demyelination and regulates chemokine release in cerebellar slice cultures","volume":"60","author":"Sheridan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512438723","article-title":"FTY720 on the way from the base camp to the summit of the mountain: relevance for remyelination","volume":"18","author":"Kipp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0720","series-title":"Gilenya prescribing information","author":"US Food and Drug Administration","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0725","series-title":"Annex I. Summary of product characteristics. Gilenya (fingolimod)","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907839","article-title":"Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909494","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Kappos","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7625","article-title":"Association between use of interferon beta and progression of disability in patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"308","author":"Shirani","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.41","article-title":"Imaging outcomes for neuroprotection and repair in multiple sclerosis trials","volume":"5","author":"Barkhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70349-0","article-title":"The measurement and clinical relevance of brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Bermel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070823","article-title":"Brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: what we know and would like to know","volume":"12","author":"Simon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.1051","article-title":"Impact of fingolimod therapy on MRI outcomes in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"69","author":"Radue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000316810.01120.05","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of disease-modifying agents and brain volume changes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Zivadinov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70243-0","article-title":"Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0775","series-title":"FTY720 in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (INFORMS)","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.07.006","article-title":"Fingolimod and related compounds in a spontaneous autoimmune polyneuropathy","volume":"214","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.12.025","article-title":"FTY720 ameliorates experimental autoimmune neuritis by inhibition of lymphocyte and monocyte infiltration into peripheral nerves","volume":"210","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4769","article-title":"Evaluation of experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice treated with FTY720","volume":"51","author":"Commodaro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000161220.87548.EE","article-title":"Prevention and cure of autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by continuous administration of FTY720","volume":"79","author":"Maki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2004.00036.x","article-title":"The effect of immunomodulators on prevention of autoimmune diabetes is stage dependent: FTY720 prevents diabetes at three different stages in the diabetes-resistant biobreeding rat","volume":"5","author":"Popovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500209","article-title":"Oral FTY720 administration induces immune tolerance and inhibits early development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21668","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate\/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 signaling in rheumatoid synovium: regulation of synovial proliferation and inflammatory gene expression","volume":"54","author":"Kitano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.01.103","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)\/S1P receptor 1 signaling regulates receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"419","author":"Takeshita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1876","article-title":"Astrocytes expressing ALS-linked mutated SOD1 release factors selectively toxic to motor neurons","volume":"10","author":"Nagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02061.x","article-title":"The selective S1P receptor modulator BAF312 redirects lymphocyte distribution and has species-specific effects on heart rate: translation from preclinical to clinical studies","volume":"167","author":"Gergely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.719","article-title":"The prediction of human response to ONO-4641, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, from preclinical data based on pharmacokinetic\u2013pharmacodynamic modeling","volume":"31","author":"Ohno","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biopharm Drug Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.176487","article-title":"The selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonist ponesimod protects against lymphocyte-mediated tissue inflammation","volume":"337","author":"Piali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.03.007","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of CS-0777, a selective sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 modulator: results from a 12-week, open-label pilot study in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"246","author":"Moberly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0845","author":"Actelion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0850","author":"Novartis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0855","unstructured":"Vollmer TL, Selmaj K, Bar-Or A, Zipp F. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2, 26-week DreaMS trial of selective S1P recptor agonist ONO-4641 in patients with relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis. Presented at the 64th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology New Orleans 201; 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2008.03.021","article-title":"Central nervous system effects of current and emerging multiple sclerosis-directed immuno-therapies","volume":"110","author":"Antel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1517\/14728214.2011.642861","article-title":"Emerging oral drugs for relapsing\u2013remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Gasperini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01444.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and the place of teriflunomide","volume":"124","author":"Gold","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0504308","article-title":"Modulation of effector cell functions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by leflunomide\u2014mechanisms independent of pyrimidine depletion","volume":"76","author":"Korn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0075-3","article-title":"Teriflunomide reduces behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological deficits in the Dark Agouti rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"256","author":"Merrill","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.07.009","article-title":"Laquinimod interferes with migratory capacity of T cells and reduces IL-17 levels, inflammatory demyelination and acute axonal damage in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"227","author":"Wegner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.02.019","article-title":"Insight into the mechanism of laquinimod action","volume":"306","author":"Bruck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.037","article-title":"Modulation of autoimmune demyelination by laquinimod via induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"180","author":"Thone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq386","article-title":"Fumaric acid esters exert neuroprotective effects in neuroinflammation via activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway","volume":"134","author":"Linker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.190132","article-title":"Fumarates promote cytoprotection of central nervous system cells against oxidative stress via the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway","volume":"341","author":"Scannevin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.06.005","article-title":"Oral treatment with laquinimod augments regulatory T-cells and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and reduces injury in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"251","author":"Aharoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruffini F, Rossi S, Bergamaschi A, Brambilla E, Finardi A, Motta C, et al. Laquinimod prevents inflammation-induced synaptic alterations occurring in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mult Scler in press. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458512469698.","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512469698"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-1009-1","article-title":"Reduced astrocytic NF-kappaB activation by laquinimod protects from cuprizone-induced demyelination","volume":"124","author":"Bruck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-30","article-title":"Dimethylfumarate inhibits microglial and astrocytic inflammation by suppressing the synthesis of nitric oxide, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in an in-vitro model of brain inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Wilms","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10240","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1683-07.2007","article-title":"Enhancing expression of Nrf2-driven genes protects the blood brain barrier after brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060898","article-title":"Vacuolar leukoencephalopathy with widespread astrogliosis in mice lacking transcription factor Nrf2","volume":"170","author":"Hubbs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S10498","article-title":"Development of oral immunomodulatory agents in the management of multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Nicholas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011_bb0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.11.1683","article-title":"Fumarates for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: potential mechanisms of action and clinical studies","volume":"8","author":"Linker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X13000889?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X13000889?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T15:42:25Z","timestamp":1758382945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X13000889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":189,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022510X13000889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fingolimod: Direct CNS effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulation and implications in multiple sclerosis therapy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2013.02.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}