{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:42:35Z","timestamp":1792467755407,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jns-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]],"date-time":"2019-10-15T19:40:27Z","timestamp":1571168427000},"page":"116500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rate of force development and relaxation scaling factors are highly sensitive to detect upper extremity motor impairments in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"408","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Uygur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo B.","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508088916","article-title":"Patient perception of bodily functions in multiple sclerosis: gait and visual function are the most valuable","volume":"14","author":"Heesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2015.01.002","article-title":"Relationship between muscle strength parameters and functional capacity in persons with mild to moderate degree multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Kjolhede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.09.2803","article-title":"Assessment of upper extremity function in multiple sclerosis: review and opinion","volume":"126","author":"Kraft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968309338194","article-title":"Grip force control in individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Iyengar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.06.011","article-title":"Hand function in multiple sclerosis: force coordination in manipulation tasks","volume":"119","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0030","article-title":"Upper extremity function and its relation with hand sensation and upper extremity strength in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Guclu-Gunduz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurorehabilitation"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.02.018","article-title":"Motor assessment of upper extremity function and its relation with fatigue, cognitive function and quality of life in Multiple Sclerosis patients","volume":"246","author":"Yozbatiran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.03.022","article-title":"Muscle strength and power in persons with multiple sclerosis - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70059-5","article-title":"Disability outcome measures in multiple sclerosis clinical trials: current status and future prospects","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610374117","article-title":"Possible clinical outcome measures for clinical trials in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Goldman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.08.465","article-title":"Predictive and reactive grip force responses to rapid load increases in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"98","author":"Allgower","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237997","article-title":"Roles of Glabrous skin receptors and sensorimotor memory in automatic-control of precision grip when lifting rougher or more slippery objects","volume":"56","author":"Johansson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238156","article-title":"Factors influencing the force control during precision grip","volume":"53","author":"Westling","year":"1984","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0070","article-title":"Impaired object handling during bimanual task performance in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2014","author":"Gorniak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050504","article-title":"Maximal and explosive force production capacity and balance performance in men of different ages","volume":"79","author":"Izquierdo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514549402","article-title":"Neuromuscular adaptations to long-term progressive resistance training translates to improved functional capacity for people with multiple sclerosis and is maintained at follow-up","volume":"21","author":"Kjolhede","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e31822a8c40","article-title":"Influence of spasticity on mobility and balance in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Sosnoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2735-7","article-title":"The rate of force development scaling factor (RFD-SF): protocol, reliability, and muscle comparisons","volume":"212","author":"Bellumori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001069","article-title":"High-speed cycling intervention improves rate-dependent mobility in older adults","volume":"49","author":"Bellumori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01503","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue does not impair the rate of force development in ballistic contractions of submaximal amplitudes","volume":"9","author":"Boccia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-016-4797-z","article-title":"Simultaneous assessment of hand function and neuromuscular quickness through a static object manipulation task in healthy adults","volume":"235","author":"Haberland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235800","article-title":"Relationship between speed and amplitude of fastest voluntary contractions of human arm muscles","volume":"31","author":"Freund","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00248546","article-title":"Trajectory control in targeted force impulses. II. Pulse height control","volume":"67","author":"Gordon","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-018-4024-7","article-title":"A novel method to assess rate of force relaxation: reliability and comparisons with rate of force development across various muscles","volume":"119","author":"Mathern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3346-6","article-title":"Rate of force development: physiological and methodological considerations","volume":"116","author":"Maffiuletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.3.210","article-title":"Abnormal most-rapid isometric contractions in patients with parkinsons-disease","volume":"54","author":"Wierzbicka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosur Ps."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.11.009","article-title":"Force development during target-directed isometric force production in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"412","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00615.2012","article-title":"Motor unit rate coding is severely impaired during forceful and fast muscular contractions in individuals post stroke","volume":"109","author":"Chou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.17.4.370","article-title":"Age-related decline in the rate of force development scaling factor","volume":"17","author":"Bellumori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mot. Control."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00550.2007","article-title":"Age-related decline in rate of torque development is accompanied by lower maximal motor unit discharge frequency during fast contractions","volume":"104","author":"Klass","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-777","article-title":"Sex differences in autoimmune disease","volume":"2","author":"Whitacre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.04.002","article-title":"Grip force control during simple manipulation tasks in non-neuropathic diabetic individuals","volume":"124","author":"de Freitas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3221-6","article-title":"Two-dimensional static manipulation tasks: does force coordination depend on change of the tangential force direction?","volume":"222","author":"Uygur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-006-0365-y","article-title":"Costs and quality of life in multiple sclerosis in Europe: method of assessment and analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kobelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa9f51","article-title":"Methodological considerations in the calculation of the rate of force development scaling factor","volume":"39","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24229","article-title":"Assessment of the rate of force development scaling factor for the hip muscles","volume":"50","author":"Casartelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.295by.x","article-title":"Changes in single motor unit behaviour contribute to the increase in contraction speed after dynamic training in humans","volume":"513","author":"Van Cutsem","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol. London"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880151011","article-title":"Neuromuscular responses of patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Rice","year":"1992","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20038","article-title":"Functional relationships of central and peripheral muscle alterations in multiple sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880181210","article-title":"Evidence of an abnormal intramuscular component of fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171006","article-title":"Effects of exercise on muscle activation and metabolism in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Kent-Braun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90122-3","article-title":"Motor unit firing rates and firing rate variability in the detection of neuromuscular disorders","volume":"73","author":"Dorfman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2016.07.019","article-title":"Effect of slow release-Fampridine on muscle strength, rate of force development, functional capacity and cognitive function in an enriched population of MS patients. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.06.031","article-title":"Clinical outcome measures in multiple sclerosis","volume":"259","author":"Amato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13214","article-title":"Objective physical activity levels in people with multiple sclerosis: meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e318074ccd9","article-title":"Explosive force and fractionated reaction time in elderly low- and high-active women","volume":"39","author":"Laroche","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X19304320?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X19304320?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T15:47:51Z","timestamp":1758383271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X19304320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0022510X19304320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rate of force development and relaxation scaling factors are highly sensitive to detect upper extremity motor impairments in multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.116500","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116500"}}