{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:50:01Z","timestamp":1790790601834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014387","name":"ACADIA Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014387","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003769","name":"Eisai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004312","name":"Eli Lilly and Company","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004312","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"AbbVie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jns-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T01:16:46Z","timestamp":1633051006000},"page":"120014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Parkinsonism in viral, paraneoplastic, and autoimmune diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"433","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Marsili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.131045","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical features and diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Jankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0015","first-page":"865","article-title":"Objective sensory testing methods reveal a higher prevalence of olfactory loss in COVID-19-positive patients compared to subjective methods: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Hannum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0020","article-title":"Transient akathisia after the SARS-Cov-2 vaccine","volume":"100098","author":"Salinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Park Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0025","article-title":"Subacute onset dystonia in a woman affected by Parkinson\u2019s disease following SARS-COV-2 infection","volume":"4","author":"Lo Monaco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Park Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2007.00874.x","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: a dual-hit hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Hawkes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.05.026","article-title":"Movement disorders in systemic autoimmune diseases: clinical spectrum, ancillary investigations, pathophysiological considerations","author":"Menozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2019.05.023","article-title":"Paraneoplastic movement disorders: phenomenology, diagnosis, and treatment","author":"Chirra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27446","article-title":"The clinical features, underlying immunology, and treatment of autoantibody-mediated movement disorders","volume":"9","author":"Damato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0050","first-page":"315","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes causing movement disorders","author":"Dalmau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa01167","article-title":"High-dose intravenous immune globulin for stiff-person syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Dalakas","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323055","article-title":"Central nervous system complications associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Vogrig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Central nervous system demyelination associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: review of the literature","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13224","article-title":"De Novo movement disorders and COVID-19: exploring the interface","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.07.019","article-title":"Infection-mediated autoimmune movement disorders","author":"Cucca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930500484757","article-title":"Streptococcal mimicry and antibody-mediated cell signaling in the pathogenesis of Sydenham\u2019s chorea","volume":"1","author":"Kirvan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2014.03.009","article-title":"Postencephalitic parkinsonism and selective involvement of substantia nigra in childhood","volume":"1","author":"Rebai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0090","first-page":"86","article-title":"The origin and virulence of the 1918 \u201cSpanish\u201d influenza virus","volume":"1","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10339","article-title":"Substantia nigra lesions in viral encephalitis","volume":"2","author":"Savant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.300437","article-title":"The role of viruses in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0105","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case\u2013control studies","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.07.022","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: autoimmunity and neuroinflammation","volume":"10","author":"De Virgilio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.2742","article-title":"Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i10.528","article-title":"Chronic HCV infection and inflammation: clinical impact on hepatic and extra-hepatic manifestations","volume":"10","author":"Zampino","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.03.022","article-title":"Cerebral immune activation in chronic hepatitis C infection: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"3","author":"Forton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.217976","article-title":"Evidence for neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in HCV infection-associated encephalopathy","volume":"3","author":"Bokemeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1368","article-title":"Association of Antiviral Therapy with risk of Parkinson disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.013","article-title":"Coronaviruses hijack the LC3-I-positive EDEMosomes, ER-derived vesicles exporting short-lived ERAD regulators, for replication","volume":"6","author":"Reggiori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0720-y","article-title":"Severe neurologic syndrome associated with Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV)","volume":"4","author":"Arabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30305-7","article-title":"A case of probable Parkinson\u2019s disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"10","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28277","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 and parkinsonism: a non-post-encephalitic case","volume":"10","author":"Faber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0160","first-page":"e2109","article-title":"Acute hypokinetic-rigid syndrome following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"15","author":"Mendez-Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25826","article-title":"An alteration of the dopamine synthetic pathway is possibly involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Nataf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.06.007","article-title":"ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed on the human ocular surface, suggesting susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0175","first-page":"e1060","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the ALBACOVID registry","volume":"8","author":"Romero-Sanchez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0180","article-title":"COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson\u2019s disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside","volume":"18","author":"Sulzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Park. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2","volume":"15","author":"Netland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv499","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage and lethal disease in mice transgenic for human dipeptidyl peptidase 4","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2494","article-title":"Thirty years of Alzheimer\u2019s disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses","volume":"10","author":"Bertram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.600","article-title":"APOE \u03b54 increases risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies","volume":"2","author":"Tsuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0205","article-title":"ApoE-isoform-dependent SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and cellular response","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2730","article-title":"Risk of Ischemic stroke in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs patients with influenza","volume":"77","author":"Merkler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0215","article-title":"Basal ganglia involvement and altered mental status: a unique neurological manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"4","author":"Haddadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0220","article-title":"Infectious etiologies of parkinsonism: Pathomechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"652","author":"Limphaibool","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.918.238","article-title":"Prognosis of Japanese encephalitis patients with dystonia compared to those with parkinsonian features only","volume":"918","author":"Misra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.12.2313","article-title":"Persistent movement disorders following Japanese encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Murgod","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0235","first-page":"141","article-title":"A rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"2","author":"Ogata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318217e7dd","article-title":"Postencephalitic parkinsonism and basal ganglia necrosis due to Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"17","author":"Espay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.01.007","article-title":"Humoral cross reactivity between \u03b1-synuclein and herpes simplex-1 epitope in Parkinson\u2019s disease, a triggering role in the disease?","author":"Caggiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.06.004","article-title":"Homologous HSV1 and alpha-synuclein peptides stimulate a T cell response in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Caggiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1398","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus cross-react with alpha-synuclein in human brain","volume":"9","author":"Woulfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.05.015","article-title":"The association between infectious burden and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Bu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0265","series-title":"Movement Disorders: A Video Atlas","first-page":"44","article-title":"HIV-induced Parkinsonism","volume":"2012","author":"Bhidayasiri","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0270","first-page":"131","article-title":"Increased frequency of alpha-synuclein in the substantia nigra in human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"2","author":"Khanlou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02312-4","article-title":"Transmissible \u03b1-synuclein seeding activity in brain and stomach of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Thomzig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0280","first-page":"9","article-title":"How an infection of sheep revealed prion mechanisms in alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","author":"Carlson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx189","article-title":"Movement disorders with neuronal antibodies: syndromic approach, genetic parallels and pathophysiology","volume":"1","author":"Balint","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.09.017","article-title":"Adaptive immunity","volume":"2","author":"Bonilla","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200001)47:1<9::AID-ANA5>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Detection and treatment of activated T cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration","volume":"1","author":"Albert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70224-2","article-title":"Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Dalmau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10392","article-title":"Reduction of P\/Q-type calcium channels in the postmortem cerebellum of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Fukuda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0310","article-title":"IgLON5 antibody: neurological accompaniments and outcomes in 20 patients","volume":"5","author":"Honorat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200009213431204","article-title":"Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies","volume":"12","author":"Vernino","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(20010201)49:2<146::AID-ANA34>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh203","article-title":"Clinical analysis of anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"Dalmau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Pt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.4065\/81.9.1207","article-title":"Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity with brainstem, extrapyramidal, and spinal cord dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Pittock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21314","article-title":"Severe hypokinesis caused by paraneoplastic anti-Ma2 encephalitis associated with bilateral intratubular germ-cell neoplasm of the testes","volume":"5","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.56","article-title":"Narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, and supranuclear gaze palsy associated with Ma1 and Ma2 antibodies and tonsillar carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0345","first-page":"1830","article-title":"Supranuclear gaze palsy in glycine receptor antibody-positive progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus","volume":"14","author":"Peeters","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws256","article-title":"Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders","volume":"11","author":"Dale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Pt."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12059","article-title":"Stiff limb syndrome mimicking Corticobasal syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Balint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25999","article-title":"Movement disorders in children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and other autoimmune encephalopathies","volume":"12","author":"Mohammad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0749","article-title":"Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies","volume":"8","author":"Arino","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.08.014","article-title":"Immunomodulated parkinsonism as a presenting symptom of LGI1 antibody encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"Kurtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003887","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of the anti-IgLON5 disease","volume":"18","author":"Gaig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-3222-0","article-title":"Expanding spectrum of contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2) autoimmunity-syndrome of parkinsonism and ataxia","volume":"3","author":"Kannoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000991","article-title":"DPPX potassium channel antibody: frequency, clinical accompaniments, and outcomes in 20 patients","volume":"20","author":"Tobin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04685-y","article-title":"Subacute axial parkinsonism associated with anti-Ri antibodies","volume":"3","author":"Di Schino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0395","article-title":"Presence of anti-GAD in a non-diabetic population of adults; time dynamics and clinical influence: results from the HUNT study","volume":"1","author":"S\u00f8rgjerd","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0400","article-title":"Current and future perspectives of PD-1\/PDL-1 blockade in Cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6661406","author":"Makuku","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606774","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"19","author":"Reck","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00149","article-title":"Updated analysis of KEYNOTE-024: Pembrolizumab versus platinum-based chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung Cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater","volume":"7","author":"Reck","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32409-7","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for previously untreated, PD-L1-expressing, locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-042): a randomised, open-label, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"10183","author":"Mok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0420","first-page":"e1093","article-title":"Varied phenotypes and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated neuropathies","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004359","article-title":"Nivolumab-related myasthenia gravis with myositis and myocarditis in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Suzuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0430","first-page":"884","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitor triggered parkinsonism in a patient with metastatic melanoma","author":"\u00d6zistanbullu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. der Dtsch. Dermatol. Gesellschaft\u00a0=\u00a0J. Ger. Soc. Dermatol. JDDG 8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0435","first-page":"1","article-title":"The inconsistent and inadequate reporting of immune-related adverse events in PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors: a systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"25","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncologist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0440","series-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Lancet","author":"Bloem","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-0053-x","article-title":"Antibody-related movement disorders - a comprehensive review of phenotype-autoantibody correlations and a guide to testing","author":"Govert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.12.035","article-title":"Autoimmune and paraneoplastic movement disorders: an update","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0455","article-title":"The potential role of SARS-COV-2 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1044","author":"Chan\u00e1-Cuevas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.04.004","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein: pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis Pt B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0465","article-title":"Microglia response during Parkinson\u2019s disease: alpha-Synuclein intervention","volume":"247","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15626-w","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein-specific T cell reactivity is associated with preclinical and early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Lindestam Arlehamn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X21027106?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X21027106?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T15:59:35Z","timestamp":1758383975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X21027106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0022510X21027106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Parkinsonism in viral, paraneoplastic, and autoimmune diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120014"}}