{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:31:51Z","timestamp":1773750711630,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jns-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T20:56:57Z","timestamp":1640120217000},"page":"120101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Familial occurrence of classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"434","author":[{"given":"Per Kristian","family":"Eide","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13950","article-title":"European academy of neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"26","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz407","article-title":"Topography of the pain in classical trigeminal neuralgia: insights into somatotopic organization","volume":"143","author":"Sindou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000853","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"158","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001099","article-title":"Genetic studies of human neuropathic pain conditions: a review","volume":"159","author":"Zorina-Lichtenwalter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069211016139","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia and genetics: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Mannerak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806920901890","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: an overview from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments","volume":"16","author":"Gambeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106397","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review","volume":"200","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1938.02270110173014","article-title":"Familial occurrence of tic douloureux","volume":"40","author":"Allan","year":"1938","journal-title":"Arch Neurpsych."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193602000-00002","article-title":"Bilateral trigeminal tic: its association with heredity and disseminated sclerosis","volume":"103","author":"Harris","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1914.02560450001001","article-title":"The symptomatology of trifacial neuralgia","volume":"62","author":"Patrick","year":"1914","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/63.3.209","article-title":"An analysis of 1,433 cases of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia (trigeminal-tic) and the end-results of gasserian alcohol injection","volume":"63","author":"Harris","year":"1940","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2016.12.004","article-title":"Familial classic trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"34","author":"Fernandez Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-009-0413-3","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia--microsurgical experience and psychological observations","volume":"152","author":"Ebner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-007-0820-2","article-title":"Idiopathic familial trigeminal neuralgia: a case report","volume":"28","author":"Savica","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419897623","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia - a systematic clinical study with a genomic screen of the neuronal electrogenisome","volume":"40","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","author":"ICHD-3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.18.5.4","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: definition and classification","volume":"18","author":"Eller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.023","article-title":"Incidence of facial pain in the general population","volume":"147","author":"Koopman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.030","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of neuropathic pain: the UK primary care perspective","volume":"122","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.665","article-title":"The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK","volume":"123","author":"MacDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1965.00470020084011","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia in six members of one generation","volume":"13","author":"Auld","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(91)90202-K","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. Report of two families and review","volume":"35","author":"Coffey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.23.9.937","article-title":"Inherited tic douloureux","volume":"23","author":"Daly","year":"1973","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s13566-017-0300-0","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia treated with stereotactic radiosurgery: a case report and literature review","volume":"6","author":"Denu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Radiat Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198503000-00030","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"78","author":"DiCorato","year":"1985","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500540063007","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"37","author":"Herzberg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13576","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: an intriguing association. Lessons from a large family case report and review of literature","volume":"59","author":"M\u00e9reaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03172.x","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia: case reports and review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Smyth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.1.216","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia and contralateral hemifacial spasm","volume":"53","author":"Duff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.44.3.107","article-title":"Hereditary hypertrophic neuropathy combining features of tic douloureux, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and deafness","volume":"44","author":"Cruse","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cleve Clin Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00316","article-title":"Surgical management of familial trigeminal neuralgia with different inheritance patterns: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Cervera-Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.3.0513","article-title":"Familial trigeminal neuralgia. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"95","author":"Fleetwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420974356","article-title":"Neurovascular contact plays no role in trigeminal neuralgia secondary to multiple sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Noory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cephalalgia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000375491.81803.5D","article-title":"The effect of microvascular decompression in patients with multiple sclerosis and trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"67","author":"Sandell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1816-8","article-title":"Long-term results of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasms according to preoperative symptomatology","volume":"155","author":"Sandell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu349","article-title":"Significance of neurovascular contact in classical trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"138","author":"Maarbjerg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.12.2347","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"124","author":"Love","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.53.5.0674","article-title":"Abnormal impulse generation in focally demyelinated trigeminal roots","volume":"53","author":"Burchiel","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90086-8","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: the role of self-sustaining discharge in the trigeminal ganglion","volume":"56","author":"Rappaport","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200201000-00002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of trigeminal neuralgia: the ignition hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Devor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050144","article-title":"Sodium channels in human pain disorders: genetics and pharmacogenomics","volume":"42","author":"Dib-Hajj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101552","article-title":"Exome sequencing implicates impaired GABA signaling and neuronal ion transport in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"23","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2516865720938677","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in transcriptional regulation of pro-nociceptive genes in rat trigeminal ganglia","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenet Insights."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.JNS13231","article-title":"Hypertension in patients with cranial nerve vascular compression syndromes and comparison with a population-based cohort","volume":"119","author":"Sandell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2016.00131","article-title":"A gain-of-function mutation in Nav1.6 in a case of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"22","author":"Tanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.08.037","article-title":"Abnormal expression of voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.7, Nav1.3 and Nav1.8 in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"164","author":"Siqueira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00725-y","article-title":"A CACNA1A variant associated with trigeminal neuralgia alters the gating of Cav2.1 channels","volume":"14","author":"Gambeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-42","article-title":"The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility and the pain severity in idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia patients","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30233-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X21028033?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X21028033?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T15:58:18Z","timestamp":1758383898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X21028033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0022510X21028033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Familial occurrence of classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120101","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120101"}}