{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:54:22Z","timestamp":1793386462255,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung Dienststelle Bonn","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jns-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T19:55:42Z","timestamp":1672257342000},"page":"120540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated neurological syndromes: Clinical and antibody characteristics and therapy response"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"445","author":[{"given":"Marie","family":"Madlener","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Strippel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska S.","family":"Thaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Doppler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus P.","family":"Wandinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Lewerenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Ringelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Roessling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Til","family":"Menge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Wickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kellingshaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Mues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Linsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone C.","family":"Tauber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian Then","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan T.","family":"Gerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asterios","family":"Paliantonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Finke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Priller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Schirotzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"S\u00fc\u00dfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt W.","family":"S\u00fchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Urbanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makbule","family":"Senel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Kuempfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Pruess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gereon R.","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Leypoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Malter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/347151a0","article-title":"Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase","volume":"347","author":"Baekkeskov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.2.225","article-title":"Cerebellar ataxia with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: study of 14 patients","volume":"58","author":"Honnorat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.04.010","article-title":"Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in focal and generalized epilepsy: a study on 233 patients","volume":"211","author":"Errichiello","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21917","article-title":"Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase define a form of limbic encephalitis","volume":"67","author":"Malter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-018-0880-5","article-title":"Autoimmune encephalitis associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: a case series","volume":"118","author":"Incecik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.1.100","article-title":"Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase: prevalence in neurological diseases","volume":"71","author":"Meinck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu142","article-title":"Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes","volume":"137","author":"Carvajal-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.04.007","article-title":"The neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies","volume":"101","author":"Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1708712","article-title":"Antibody-mediated encephalitis","volume":"378","author":"Dalmau","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.05.017","article-title":"Treatment of immune-mediated temporal lobe epilepsy with GAD antibodies","volume":"30","author":"Malter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Seizure-European J. Epilep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125178","article-title":"Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy","volume":"129","author":"Geis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804213181602","article-title":"Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type I diabetes mellitus","volume":"318","author":"Solimena","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000696","article-title":"Neurologic syndromes related to anti-GAD65: clinical and serologic response to treatment","volume":"7","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Lopetegi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.01.021","article-title":"Antiglutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibody-associated epilepsy","volume":"80","author":"Daif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09814-3","article-title":"Routine diagnostics for neural antibodies, clinical correlates, treatment and functional outcome","volume":"267","author":"Bien","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.6.902","article-title":"Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with stiff-person syndrome: correlation with clinical severity","volume":"61","author":"Rakocevic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2","article-title":"Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"Dalmau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn183","article-title":"Spectrum of neurological syndromes associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies: diagnostic clues for this association","volume":"131","author":"Saiz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0359-x","article-title":"GAD antibodies in neurological disorders - insights and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Graus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325275","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of high-titre GAD65 antibodies","author":"Budhram","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 92"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh077","article-title":"Potassium channel antibody-associated encephalopathy: a potentially immunotherapy-responsive form of limbic encephalitis","volume":"127","author":"Vincent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq213","article-title":"Antibodies to Kv1 potassium channel-complex proteins leucine-rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein and contactin-associated protein-2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan\u2019s syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia","volume":"133","author":"Irani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt212","article-title":"Faciobrachial dystonic seizures: the influence of immunotherapy on seizure control and prevention of cognitive impairment in a broadening phenotype","volume":"136","author":"Irani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa01167","article-title":"High-dose intravenous immune globulin for stiff-person syndrome","volume":"345","author":"Dalakas","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0749","article-title":"Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies","volume":"72","author":"Ari\u00f1o","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02325.x","article-title":"Clinical significance of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in patients with epilepsy","volume":"51","author":"Liimatainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.11.012","article-title":"Intrathecal-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies at low titers in autoimmune neurological disorders","volume":"290","author":"Sunwoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05281-4","article-title":"Serum glutamate decarboxylase antibodies and neurological disorders: when to suspect their association?","volume":"43","author":"Lacruz Ballester","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X22004026?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X22004026?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T16:00:16Z","timestamp":1758384016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X22004026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0022510X22004026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated neurological syndromes: Clinical and antibody characteristics and therapy response","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120540","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120540"}}