{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:49:34Z","timestamp":1786927774821,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016334","name":"The First Affiliated Hospital With Nanjing Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007289","name":"Nanjing Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PY2022056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PY2022056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jns-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:18:58Z","timestamp":1766017138000},"page":"125698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The impact of enlarged perivascular spaces on the association among peripheral inflammation, disease progression and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"480","author":[{"given":"Mingchao","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zonghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijiang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X251316552","article-title":"Aging, cellular senescence and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","article-title":"Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Tolosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0344-4","article-title":"Parkinson disease and the immune system - associations, mechanisms and therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25557","article-title":"Increased immune activation by pathologic \u03b1-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Grozdanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.391312","article-title":"Glymphatic system: a gateway for neuroinflammation","volume":"19","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01019-7","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation\u2019s variable impact on cognitive and symptomatic outcomes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20369","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in parkinsonian midbrain in vivo","volume":"57","author":"Kortekaas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.639140","article-title":"Glymphatic system as a gateway to connect neurodegeneration from periphery to CNS","volume":"15","author":"Natale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-015-1581-6","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"40","author":"Jessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11594-5","article-title":"Neuroimaging uncovers distinct relationships of glymphatic dysfunction and motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"270","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa179","article-title":"Impaired glymphatic function and clearance of tau in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"143","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3607","article-title":"High baseline perivascular space volume in basal ganglia is associated with attention and executive function decline in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Foreman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.10.004","article-title":"A priori collaboration in population imaging: the uniform neuro-imaging of Virchow-Robin spaces enlargement consortium","volume":"1","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. (Amst.)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9077-3","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: neuroimaging markers and clinical implication","volume":"266","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx003","article-title":"MRI-visible perivascular space location is associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease independently of amyloid burden","volume":"140","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185626","article-title":"Enlarged Virchow Robin spaces associate with cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Favaretto","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00155-0","article-title":"The role of brain perivascular space burden in early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03212-2","article-title":"Interaction between the Glymphatic system and \u03b1-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00334-y","article-title":"Polarized \u03b1-synuclein trafficking and transcytosis across brain endothelial cells via Rab7-decorated carriers","volume":"19","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02770-5","article-title":"The cervical lymph node contributes to peripheral inflammation related to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0110","article-title":"The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, and neutrophil-to-high-density-lipoprotein ratio are correlated with the severity of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25383","article-title":"How to identify tremor dominant and postural instability\/gait difficulty groups with the movement disorder society unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale: comparison with the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale","volume":"28","author":"Stebbins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.19","article-title":"On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables","volume":"7","author":"MacCallum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0312-z","article-title":"Perivascular spaces in the brain: anatomy, physiology and pathology","volume":"16","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 26","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S711","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.192486","article-title":"Exploring the Virchow-Robin spaces function: a unified theory of brain diseases","volume":"7","author":"Cherian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.016","article-title":"Establishing a framework for neuropathological correlates and glymphatic system functioning in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Sundaram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-016-0343-6","article-title":"Imaging the perivascular space as a potential biomarker of neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"36","author":"Ramirez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25805","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104200","article-title":"MRI-visible perivascular spaces are associated with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12004-6","article-title":"Correlation of glymphatic system abnormalities with Parkinson\u2019s disease progression: a clinical study based on non-invasive fMRI","volume":"271","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.03.001","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers and MRI visible perivascular spaces: the Framingham heart study","volume":"127","author":"Ekenze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.004059","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory markers are associated with magnetic resonance imaging-visible perivascular spaces but not directly with white matter hyperintensities","volume":"45","author":"Aribisala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"s1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-223241","article-title":"Central and peripheral inflammation: connecting the immune responses of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"6640","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo7649","article-title":"Transforming the understanding of brain immunity","volume":"380","author":"Castellani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0175","article-title":"Serum folate, vitamin B12 levels, and systemic immune-inflammation index correlate with motor performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00909-0","article-title":"Association of glymphatic system function with peripheral inflammation and motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10704","article-title":"Activated neutrophils: a next generation cellular immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Kumbhojkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106426","article-title":"The relationship between inflammation, impaired glymphatic system, and neurodegenerative disorders: a vicious cycle","volume":"192","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0617-z","article-title":"Evaluation of glymphatic system activity with the diffusion MR technique: diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease cases","volume":"35","author":"Taoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.773951","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space index in different stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01036-6","article-title":"Perivascular space fluid diffusivity predicts clinical deterioration in prodromal and early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-024-03887-7","article-title":"Association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and motor subtypes in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: a prospective observational study","volume":"24","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03380-7","article-title":"Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Hosseini","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00234","article-title":"Association between peripheral inflammation and DATSCAN data of the striatal nuclei in different motor subtypes of Parkinson disease","volume":"9","author":"Sanjari Moghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Journal of the Neurological Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X25023184?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022510X25023184?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T22:15:46Z","timestamp":1768947346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022510X25023184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0022510X25023184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-510X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-510X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The impact of enlarged perivascular spaces on the association among peripheral inflammation, disease progression and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2025.125698","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125698"}}