{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1784559812553,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:31:16Z","timestamp":1778196676000},"page":"110397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Reduced interleukin-2 production and increased CREM\u03b1 protein expression in vegetarians and vegans due to zinc deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"157","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Maywald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7215-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klara Marie","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9144-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lothar","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03086-z","article-title":"Plant-based and vegetarian diets: an overview and definition of these dietary patterns","volume":"62","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1294497","article-title":"Vegan diet: nutritional components, implementation, and effects on adults' health","volume":"10","author":"\u0141uszczki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2016.09.025","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets","volume":"116","author":"Melina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0004","unstructured":"(BMEL) BfEuL. Ern\u00e4hrungnsreport 2021 [updated 24.02.2026]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bmleh.de\/SharedDocs\/Downloads\/DE\/_Ernaehrung\/forsa-ernaehrungsreport-2021-tabellen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0005","author":"Ozbun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0006","series-title":"Veganism and vegetarianism in the United States - statistics & facts","author":"Department","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0007","series-title":"In U.S., 4% Identify as Vegetarian, 1% as Vegan","author":"Jones","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0008","unstructured":"Lebensmittel MR-I-BfEu. Ergebnisbericht - Online-Befragung Nationales Ern\u00e4hrungsmonitoring (nemo) Erwachsene 2025 13.02.2026. Available from: https:\/\/www.mri.bund.de\/fileadmin\/MRI\/Pressemitteilungen\/nemo-Online-Befragung-Ergebnisse\/Ergebnisbericht_Online-Befragung_nemo_Erwachsene_bfrei.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0009","unstructured":"Veganivore. Anzahl der Veganer in Deutschland 2025 [Available from: https:\/\/veganivore.de\/anzahl-veganer-statistiken-fakten\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11030456","article-title":"Millennials' Consumption of and Attitudes toward Meat and Plant-Based Meat Alternatives by Consumer Segment in Finland","volume":"11","author":"Knaapila","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0011","article-title":"Nutritional Status and the Influence of the Vegan Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Human Health","volume":"56","author":"Sakkas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03818-6","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency as a General Feature of Cancer: a Review of the Literature","volume":"202","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.756810","article-title":"The Association of Plant-Based Diet With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Prospect Cohort Studies","volume":"8","author":"Quek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3188","article-title":"The effects of popular diets on type 2 diabetes management","volume":"35","author":"Chester","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020189","article-title":"A Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Improves Beta-Cell Function and Insulin Resistance in Overweight Adults: A 16-Week Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Kahleova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6062131","article-title":"Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts","volume":"6","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02942-8","article-title":"Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"62","author":"Dybvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vitamin and mineral requirements human nutrition. 2nd ed. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004. p. 341."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Vegetarian diets across the lifecycle: impact on zinc intake and status","volume":"74","author":"Foster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Food Nutr Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12105","article-title":"Factors that affect zinc bioavailability and losses in adult and elderly populations","volume":"72","author":"Bel-Serrat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000342","article-title":"Dietary Zn deficiency, the current situation and potential solutions","volume":"36","author":"Knez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.899375","article-title":"The effects of vegetarian diets on bone health: A literature review","volume":"13","author":"Falchetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-022-00295-8","article-title":"Short-term zinc supplementation of zinc-deficient seniors counteracts CREM\u03b1 - mediated IL-2 suppression","volume":"19","author":"Baarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun Ageing."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-025-00511-1","article-title":"Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases","volume":"22","author":"Schulz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun Ageing."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2017.22.1.1","article-title":"Zinc in Pancreatic Islet Biology, Insulin Sensitivity, and Diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Maret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Nutr Food Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070863","article-title":"Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Supplementation in Allergic Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Maywald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297914050022","article-title":"Role of zinc and copper ions in the pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases","volume":"79","author":"Stelmashook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003210","article-title":"Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","article-title":"Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System","volume":"41","author":"Wessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-006-9058-2","article-title":"Effect of improved zinc status on T helper cell activation and TH1\/TH2 ratio in healthy elderly individuals","volume":"7","author":"Kahmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogerontology."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0031","first-page":"661","article-title":"Zinc deficiency adversely influences interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 signaling","volume":"27","author":"Gruber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400761","article-title":"Zinc deficiency enhanced inflammatory response by increasing immune cell activation and inducing IL6 promoter demethylation","volume":"59","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600493","article-title":"Zinc supplementation augments TGF-\u03b21-dependent regulatory T cell induction","volume":"61","author":"Maywald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.052","article-title":"Zinc deficiency leads to reduced interleukin-2 production by active gene silencing due to enhanced CREM\u03b1 expression in T cells","volume":"40","author":"Kloubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021191","article-title":"Proton-Pump Inhibitors Suppress T Cell Response by Shifting Intracellular Zinc Distribution","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.06.010","article-title":"Zinc supplementation among zinc-deficient vegetarians and vegans restores antiviral interferon-\u03b1 response by upregulating interferon regulatory factor 3","volume":"51","author":"Vallboehmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06259-y","article-title":"Short-term oral zinc supplementation enhances Natural Killer cell functionality and decreases circulating Innate Lymphoid Cell counts and frequencies in healthy young adults","volume":"23","author":"Amling","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.020","article-title":"A short 18 items food frequency questionnaire biochemically validated to estimate zinc status in humans","volume":"49","author":"Trame","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19106083","article-title":"Blood Lead Monitoring in a Former Mining Area in Euskirchen, Germany-Volunteers across the Entire Population","volume":"19","author":"Bertram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.115188","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on serum zinc concentration and T cell proliferation in nursing home elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Barnett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4943(01)00186-8","article-title":"Prevalence of zinc deficiency and its clinical relevance among hospitalised elderly","volume":"33","author":"Pepersack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-009-9251-1","article-title":"Plasma copper\/zinc ratio: an inflammatory\/nutritional biomarker as predictor of all-cause mortality in elderly population","volume":"11","author":"Malavolta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogerontology."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00644-1","article-title":"Serum copper-to-zinc-ratio and risk of incident infection in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study","volume":"35","author":"Laine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11040244","article-title":"Serum Zinc, Copper, and Other Biometals Are Associated with COVID-19 Severity Markers","volume":"11","author":"Skalny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-024-09904-y","article-title":"Association Between the Copper-to-Zinc Ratio and Cardiovascular Disease Among Chinese Adults: A China Multi-ethnic Cohort (CMEC) Study","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Toxicol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071000","article-title":"Serum Levels of Copper and Zinc and Survival in Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"16","author":"Szwiec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1086\/315916","article-title":"Effects of zinc deficiency on Th1 and Th2 cytokine shifts","volume":"182 Suppl 1","author":"Prasad","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0048","first-page":"77","article-title":"Zinc, human diseases and aging","volume":"7","author":"Fabris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1039\/c2mt20118f","article-title":"Repletion of zinc in zinc-deficient cells strongly up-regulates IL-1\u03b2-induced IL-2 production in T-cells","volume":"4","author":"Daaboul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metallomics."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091023","article-title":"Comparison of Sociodemographic and Nutritional Characteristics between Self-Reported Vegetarians, Vegans, and Meat-Eaters from the NutriNet-Sant\u00e9 Study","volume":"9","author":"All\u00e8s","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719643","article-title":"Serum zinc and copper status in hospitalized vs. healthy elderly subjects","volume":"26","author":"Belbraouet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.04.026","article-title":"Plasma zinc in institutionalized elderly individuals: Relation with immune and cardiometabolic biomarkers","volume":"50","author":"Sales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163538","article-title":"Selenium, Zinc, and Copper Status of Vegetarians and Vegans in Comparison to Omnivores in the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) Study","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508006818","article-title":"Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence","volume":"99 Suppl 3","author":"Gibson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0055","first-page":"55","article-title":"Post-prandial and daily changes in plasma zinc","volume":"3","author":"Hambidge","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/biuz.201010430","article-title":"Das essenzielle Spurenelement Zink. Ein Metall in Biologie und Medizin","volume":"40","author":"Haase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biologie in unserer Zeit"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7053252","article-title":"Determination of zinc status in humans: which indicator should we use?","volume":"7","author":"Wieringa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.11.007","article-title":"The crux of inept biomarkers for risks and benefits of trace elements","volume":"104","author":"Bornhorst","year":"2018","journal-title":"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127132","article-title":"Calculating zinc uptake by Zinc-APP","volume":"77","author":"Trame","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1079-7","article-title":"Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland","volume":"56","author":"Sch\u00fcpbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02789145","article-title":"Selenium status, plasma zinc, copper, and magnesium in vegetarians","volume":"50","author":"Kadrabov\u00e1","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"issue":"35-36","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0062","first-page":"575","article-title":"Vitamin and Mineral Status in a Vegan Diet","volume":"117","author":"Weikert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04356-5","article-title":"Review Article on Molecular Basis of Zinc and Copper Interactions in Cancer Physiology","volume":"203","author":"Joshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0900","article-title":"17-beta-estradiol suppresses IL-2 and IL-2 receptor","volume":"14","author":"McMurray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0065","first-page":"500","article-title":"[The influence of testosterone and \u03b2-estradiol on T-lymphocytes activation associated with IL-2 production and expression of CD25 (IL-2R\u03b1) molecules]","volume":"56","author":"Gutsol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tsitologiia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-1-277","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone signaling at the lymphocyte involves stimulation of interleukin-2 receptor expression","volume":"129","author":"Batticane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113717","article-title":"Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency","volume":"82","author":"Prasad","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1155\/MBD.1994.233","article-title":"Interactions between zinc and thymulin","volume":"1","author":"Dardenne","year":"1994","journal-title":"Met Based Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00618","article-title":"CREM Alpha Enhances IL-21 Production in T Cells In Vivo and In Vitro","volume":"7","author":"Ohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900760","article-title":"cAMP Response Element Modulator \u03b1 Induces Dual Specificity Protein Phosphatase 4 to Promote Effector T Cells in Juvenile-Onset Lupus","volume":"203","author":"Hofmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0955286326001397?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0955286326001397?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:30:32Z","timestamp":1784557832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0955286326001397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["S0955286326001397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397","relation":{},"ISSN":["0955-2863"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0955-2863","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reduced interleukin-2 production and increased CREM\u03b1 protein expression in vegetarians and vegans due to zinc deficiency","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2026.110397","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110397"}}