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However, the prognosis of induced AF\/atrial tachycardia (AT) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in PAF patients remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 122 PAF patients were divided into the following 3 groups: Group 1, 79 without AF\/AT induced after PVI; Group 2, 21 with AF\/AT induced or sustained after PVI, and followed by a high\u2010dominant frequency (DF) and continuous complex fractionated atrial electrogram (CFAE) site ablation and, if necessary, linear ablation; and Group 3, 22 with external cardioversion of AF\/AT induced or sustained after PVI. High\u2010DF (DF\u22658 Hz) and continuous CFAE (fractionated intervals\u226450 ms) sites were targeted. The ablation endpoint was non\u2010inducibility of PAF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Group 2, AF terminated in 2 patients with a high\u2010DF and continuous CFAE site ablation. In 4 patients, AF induced after cardioversion did not terminate with left atrium linear ablation, and required additional cardioversion. Common atrial flutter in 2 patients terminated with cavotricuspid isthmus ablation. An AT terminated with a roofline ablation. Finally, no AF\/AT could be induced in any of the patients in Group 2 after all the procedures. The cumulative freedom from AF\/AT recurrence without antiarrhythmic drugs in Groups 1 and 2 was significantly greater than that in Group 3 after 1 procedure during 12 months of follow\u2010up (90% and 91% vs. 64%, Log\u2010rank test <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.001 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.033, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atrial substrate ablation may improve the clinical outcome after ablation in patients after PVI with residual arrhythmia inducibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joa.2016.02.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T16:53:05Z","timestamp":1457974385000},"page":"212-217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of atrial substrate modification based on dominant frequency of paroxysmal atrial 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