{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T22:04:26Z","timestamp":1788473066560,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","oarsijournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T09:57:13Z","timestamp":1610186233000},"page":"365-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Cardiometabolic traits mediating the effect of education on osteoarthritis risk: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Karhunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dichgans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Sofat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib1","series-title":"Osteoarthritis: A Serious Disease","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39672","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39672","article-title":"Osteoarthritis and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1855","article-title":"Understanding the consequences of education inequality on cardiovascular disease: mendelian randomisation study","volume":"365","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3542","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3542","article-title":"Education and coronary heart disease: mendelian randomisation study","volume":"358","author":"Tillmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.117.300191","article-title":"Dissecting causal pathways using mendelian randomization with summarized genetic data: application to age at menarche\u00a0and risk of breast cancer","volume":"207","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib7","first-page":"835819","article-title":"Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"7726","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0579-z","article-title":"The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data","volume":"562","author":"Bycroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001779","article-title":"UK Biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age","volume":"12","author":"Sudlow","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib10","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Computationally efficient whole genome regression for quantitative and binary traits","author":"Mbatchou","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy327","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association\u00a0studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"28","author":"Pulit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2797","article-title":"Discovery and refinement of loci associated with lipid levels","volume":"45","author":"Willer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study","author":"Wootton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7604","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17671","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment","volume":"533","author":"Okbay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","article-title":"Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7538","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177","article-title":"Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology","volume":"518","author":"Locke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu005","article-title":"Sample size and power calculations in Mendelian randomization with a single instrumental variable and a binary outcome","volume":"43","author":"Burgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data","volume":"37","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14156-4","article-title":"A\u00a0robust and efficient method for Mendelian randomization with hundreds of genetic variants","volume":"11","author":"Burgess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034","article-title":"MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing Mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data","volume":"46","author":"Yavorska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv017","article-title":"Re: \u201cMultivariable Mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects\u201d","volume":"181","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283","article-title":"Multivariable mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects","volume":"181","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib27","first-page":"a038984","article-title":"Multivariable mendelian randomization and mediation","author":"Sanderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2019.1583913","article-title":"Moving to a world beyond \u201cp\u2009<\u20090.05\u201d","volume":"73","author":"Wasserstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Statistician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib29","article-title":"STROBE-MR: Guidelines for strengthening the reporting of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"7","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02317-2","article-title":"Causal associations between risk factors and common diseases inferred from GWAS summary data","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40812","article-title":"Cardiometabolic polygenic risk scores and osteoarthritis outcomes: a mendelian randomization study using data from the malmo diet and cancer study and the UK Biobank","volume":"71","author":"Hindy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0079-y","article-title":"Genome-wide analyses using UK Biobank data provide insights into the genetic architecture of osteoarthritis","volume":"50","author":"Zengini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.056697","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the risk for cartilage loss and knee pain in men with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"66","author":"Amin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.011841","article-title":"Obesity: a preventable risk factor for large joint osteoarthritis which may act through biomechanical factors","volume":"39","author":"Powell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.12.020","article-title":"Association between smoking and risk of knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Kong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.022","article-title":"Smoking and osteoarthritis: a review of the evidence and its implications","volume":"23","author":"Felson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.12.021","article-title":"The causal role of smoking on the risk of hip or knee replacement due to primary osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomisation analysis of the HUNT study","volume":"25","author":"Johnsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0900459","article-title":"Forecasting the effects of obesity and smoking on U.S. life expectancy","volume":"361","author":"Stewart","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12506","article-title":"Association between low education and higher global cardiovascular risk","volume":"17","author":"Di Chiara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz200","article-title":"Education protects against coronary heart disease and stroke independently of cognitive function: evidence from Mendelian randomization","volume":"48","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-3016-z","article-title":"Socioeconomic status of patients in a Swedish national self-management program for osteoarthritis compared with the general population-a descriptive observational study","volume":"21","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Muscoskel Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2217\/ahe.12.43","article-title":"Social determinants and osteoarthritis outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Luong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz236","article-title":"Comparison with randomized controlled trials as a strategy for evaluating instruments in Mendelian randomization","volume":"49","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0424-6","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with a binary exposure variable: interpretation and presentation of causal estimates","volume":"33","author":"Burgess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314560917","article-title":"Self-report distortions of puffing topography in daily smokers","volume":"21","author":"Pulcu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m131","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m131","article-title":"Comparison of risk factor associations in UK Biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Batty","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08219-1","article-title":"Apparent latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis","volume":"10","author":"Haworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026595011371","article-title":"Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect","volume":"1","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.06.015","article-title":"Does higher education protect against obesity? Evidence using Mendelian randomization","volume":"101","author":"B\u00f6ckerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy131","article-title":"Investigating causality in associations between education and smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"47","author":"Gage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015_bib51","first-page":"261","article-title":"Occupational and genetic risk factors for osteoarthritis: a review","volume":"50","author":"Yucesoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Work"}],"container-title":["Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1063458421000017?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1063458421000017?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:55:10Z","timestamp":1761018910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1063458421000017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1063458421000017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-4584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-4584","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiometabolic traits mediating the effect of education on osteoarthritis risk: a Mendelian randomization study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}