{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:02:56Z","timestamp":1790596976566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","oarsijournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T16:21:17Z","timestamp":1771863677000},"page":"906-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Whole bone \u00b5CT 3-dimensional mapping reveals new early imaging biomarkers of osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth M.C.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1677-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry","family":"Mosey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9508-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hopkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Pitsillides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-7067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard L.","family":"Meeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990\u20132020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib2","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: a serious disease","author":"Marsh","year":"2016","journal-title":"OARSIOrg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.789898","article-title":"Moving beyond the limits of detection: the past, the present, and the future of diagnostic imaging in canine osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494","article-title":"Radiographic assessment of osteo-arthrosis","volume":"16","author":"Kellgren","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2006.11.009","article-title":"Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis, revised","volume":"15","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis","volume":"3","author":"Altman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2020.100081","article-title":"The use of technology in the subcategorisation of osteoarthritis: a Delphi study approach","volume":"2","author":"Mennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.11.019","article-title":"Diagnosis of osteoarthritis: imaging","volume":"51","author":"Braun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.01.002","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes of subchondral bone proceed to microscopic articular cartilage degeneration in guinea pigs with spontaneous osteoarthritis","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13834","article-title":"3D profiling of mouse epiphyses across ages reveals new potential imaging biomarkers of early spontaneous osteoarthritis","volume":"242","author":"Herbst","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2004.08.010","article-title":"Ex vivo characterization of articular cartilage and bone lesions in a rabbit ACL transection model of osteoarthritis using MRI and micro-CT","volume":"12","author":"Batiste","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.01.012","article-title":"Intermittent applied mechanical loading induces subchondral bone thickening that may be intensified locally by contiguous articular cartilage lesions","volume":"23","author":"Poulet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.05.005","article-title":"Microstructural and cellular characterisation of the subchondral trabecular bone in human knee and hip osteoarthritis using synchrotron tomography","volume":"31","author":"Muratovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.09.008","article-title":"Subchondral bone micro-architectural alterations in osteoarthritis: a synchrotron micro-computed tomography study","volume":"14","author":"Chappard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subchondral bone microarchitecture and mineral density in human osteoarthritis and osteoporosis: a regional and compartmental analysis","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.23312","article-title":"Association between subchondral bone structure and osteoarthritis histopathological grade","volume":"35","author":"Finnil\u00e4","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.12.003","article-title":"Spatially matching morphometric assessment of cartilage and subchondral bone in osteoarthritic human knee joint with micro-computed tomography","volume":"120","author":"Gatenholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62614-7","article-title":"A new approach to comprehensively evaluate the morphological properties of the human femoral head: example of application to osteoarthritic joint","volume":"10","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac258","article-title":"Hip osteoarthritis: a novel network analysis of subchondral trabecular bone structures","volume":"1","author":"Dorraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10600-6","article-title":"Spatial links between specific subchondral bone architectural features and cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritic joints","volume":"12","author":"Ajami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0202-1","article-title":"Spontaneous dog osteoarthritis \u2014 a One Medicine vision","volume":"15","author":"Meeson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheuma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib22","first-page":"389","article-title":"Ueber die innere Architectur der Knochen und ihre Bedeutung f\u00fcr die Frage vom Knochenwachsthum","volume":"50","author":"Wolff","year":"1870","journal-title":"Arch. F. \u00fcR. Pathol. Anat. Und Physiol. Und F. \u00fcR. Klin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1239-2","article-title":"The Classic: On the Inner Architecture of Bones and its Importance for Bone Growth","volume":"468","author":"Wolff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8416","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914481117","article-title":"Evidence for habitual climbing in a Pleistocene hominin in South Africa","volume":"117","author":"Georgiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.07.014","article-title":"Osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology: grading and staging","volume":"14","author":"Pritzker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000255","article-title":"Classifications in brief: outerbridge classification of chondral lesions","volume":"476","author":"Slattery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.06.008","article-title":"Altered cartilage mechanics and histology in knee osteoarthritis: relation to clinical assessment (ICRS Grade)","volume":"13","author":"Kleeman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2017.00037","article-title":"Decrease in local volumetric bone mineral density in osteoarthritic joints is associated with the increase in cartilage damage: a peripheral quantitative ct study","volume":"4","author":"Tamaddon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.43B4.752","article-title":"The etiology of chondromalacia patellae","volume":"43-B","author":"Outerbridge","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.04.017","article-title":"The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the dog","volume":"18","author":"Cook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.1.000612","article-title":"Practical cone-beam algorithm","volume":"1","author":"Feldkamp","year":"1984","journal-title":"JOSA A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210408","article-title":"A new straightforward method for semi-automated segmentation of trabecular bone from cortical bone in diverse and challenging morphologies","volume":"8","author":"Herbst","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1486-2","article-title":"Exact p-values for pairwise comparison of Friedman rank sums, with application to comparing classifiers","volume":"18","author":"Eisinga","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Bioinforma."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1961.tb00061.x","article-title":"A note on guttman\u2019s lower bound for the number of common factors1","volume":"14","author":"Kaiser","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. J. Stat. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.08.001","article-title":"Age-related changes of micro-morphological subchondral bone properties in the healthy femoral head","volume":"28","author":"Ries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-014-1070-y","article-title":"The paradox of Wolff\u2019s theories","volume":"184","author":"Hammer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ir. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-062117-121139","article-title":"Bone mechanical properties in healthy and diseased states","volume":"20","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.11.002","article-title":"In vivo structural analysis of subchondral trabecular bone in osteoarthritis of the hip using multi-detector row CT","volume":"19","author":"Chiba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2013.05.019","article-title":"Heterogeneity of bone microstructure in the femoral head in patients with osteoporosis: An ex vivo HR-pQCT study","volume":"56","author":"Chiba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1210-z","article-title":"Advanced Knee Structure Analysis (AKSA): a comparison of bone mineral density and trabecular texture measurements using computed tomography and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography of human knee cadavers","volume":"19","author":"Lowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187874","article-title":"A novel registration-based methodology for prediction of trabecular bone fabric from clinical QCT: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chandran","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02594-9","article-title":"Trabecular bone texture analysis of conventional radiographs in the assessment of knee osteoarthritis: review and viewpoint","volume":"23","author":"Almhdie-Imjabbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib43","article-title":"Sciatic neurectomy-related cortical bone loss exhibits delayed onset yet stabilises more rapidly than trabecular bone","volume":"15","author":"Monzem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780361019","article-title":"A longitudinal study of subchondral plate and trabecular bone in cruciate-deficient dogs with osteoarthritis followed up for 54 months","volume":"36","author":"Dedrick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI867","article-title":"Abnormal cancellous bone collagen metabolism in osteoarthritis","volume":"101","author":"Mansell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-143","article-title":"Validation of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging-based apparent bone volume fraction in peri-articular tibial bone of cadaveric knees","volume":"15","author":"Driban","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202201692","article-title":"Quantifying the human subchondral trabecular bone microstructure in osteoarthritis with clinical CT","volume":"9","author":"Ol\u00e1h","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21857","article-title":"MicroCT for developmental biology: a versatile tool for high-contrast 3D imaging at histological resolutions","volume":"238","author":"Metscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-9-11","article-title":"for comparative morphology: simple staining methods allow high-contrast 3D imaging of diverse non-mineralized animal tissues","volume":"9","author":"Metscher","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12449","article-title":"Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT): an emerging tool for rapid, high-resolution, 3-D imaging of metazoan soft tissues","volume":"228","author":"Gignac","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8617406","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced microCT for virtual 3D anatomical pathology of biological tissues: a literature review","volume":"2019","author":"De Bournonville","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035211053820","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced micro\u2013computed tomography for 3D visualization and quantification of glycosaminoglycans in different cartilage types","author":"Boos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cartilage"}],"container-title":["Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1063458426006783?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1063458426006783?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:42:28Z","timestamp":1790595748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1063458426006783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1063458426006783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-4584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-4584","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Whole bone \u00b5CT 3-dimensional mapping reveals new early imaging biomarkers of osteoarthritis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2026.02.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}