{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:35:23Z","timestamp":1790742923464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010724","name":"Health Systems Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIN 13\\u2013410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIN 13\\u2013410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010724","name":"Health Systems Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RCS 19\\u2013332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RCS 19\\u2013332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AR072580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AR072580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","oarsijournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T23:09:07Z","timestamp":1783379347000},"page":"1412-1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: 2026 update of the evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1205-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne M.","family":"Golightly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5928-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamema S.","family":"Sheree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3886-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelli D.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"120","key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Osteoarthritis is a serious disease","volume":"37","author":"Hawker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.04.020","article-title":"Epidemiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1696929","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis among middle-aged and older adults: estimates from the global burden of disease study 2021 and projections to 2050","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-08122-5","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of osteoarthritis in 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-025-03658-w","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of osteoarthritis at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050","volume":"27","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-225324","article-title":"Global burden of early-onset osteoarthritis, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"83","author":"Weng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-017198","article-title":"Global burden of osteoarthritis among postmenopausal women in 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reuma.2020.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence of symptomatic osteoarthritis in Spain: EPISER2016 study","volume":"17","author":"Blanco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reumatol. Clin. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.03.004","article-title":"Trends in incidence and prevalence of osteoarthritis in the United Kingdom: findings from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)","volume":"28","author":"Swain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex270","article-title":"Population trends in the incidence and initial management of osteoarthritis: age-period-cohort analysis of the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, 1992-2013","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230613","article-title":"The prevalence of and demographic factors associated with radiographic knee osteoarthritis in Korean adults aged >\/= 50 years: The 2010-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-3073-3","article-title":"The incidence and characteristics of accelerated knee osteoarthritis among women: the Chingford cohort","volume":"21","author":"Driban","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1457","article-title":"Relative prevalence and distribution of knee, hand and foot symptomatic osteoarthritis subtypes in an English population","volume":"18","author":"Peat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11295","article-title":"The Prevalence of Knee Symptoms, Radiographic, and Symptomatic Osteoarthritis at Four Time Points: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, 1999-2018","volume":"3","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACR Open. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.09.006","article-title":"Incidence rate and risk factors for radiographic hip osteoarthritis in Japanese men and women: a 10-year follow-up of the ROAD study","volume":"28","author":"Iidaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2022.100251","article-title":"Point prevalence of Hip Symptoms, Radiographic, And Symptomatic OA at Five Time Points: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, 1991-2018","volume":"4","author":"Nelson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.028","article-title":"Incidence and progression of hand osteoarthritis in a large community-based cohort: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"28","author":"Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40097","article-title":"Lifetime Risk of Symptomatic Hand Osteoarthritis: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"69","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42076","article-title":"Prevalence, Incidence, and Progression of Radiographic and Symptomatic Hand Osteoarthritis: The Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"74","author":"Eaton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193662","article-title":"Population prevalence and distribution of ankle pain and symptomatic radiographic ankle osteoarthritis in community dwelling older adults: A systematic review and cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203804","article-title":"The population prevalence of symptomatic radiographic foot osteoarthritis in community-dwelling older adults: cross-sectional findings from the clinical assessment study of the foot","volume":"74","author":"Roddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161076","article-title":"A Cross-sectional Analysis of Radiographic Ankle Osteoarthritis Frequency and Associated Factors: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"44","author":"Lateef","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24427","article-title":"Foot Osteoarthritis Frequency and Associated Factors in a Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study of White and African American Adults","volume":"73","author":"Flowers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.10.015","article-title":"Incidence and progression of ankle osteoarthritis: The johnston county osteoarthritis project","volume":"51","author":"Jaleel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1159\/000539908","article-title":"Incidence and Progression of Foot Osteoarthritis in a Longitudinal Cohort: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"70","author":"Eltaraboulsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib26","article-title":"Dynamic Burden of Elderly Knee Osteoarthritis: Global, Regional, and National Analysis (Global Burden of Disease 1990 to 2050)","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. Glob. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-025-06140-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of knee osteoarthritis: findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021 and projections to 2045","volume":"20","author":"Ouyang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1668257","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of knee osteoarthritis attributable to high BMI: a systematic analysis from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105867","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of knee osteoarthritis 1990-2021: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-026-09493-7","article-title":"Prevalence of hip and knee osteoarthritis in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Christofides","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-025-09126-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of hip osteoarthritis (1992-2021) and predictions of future disease burden trends: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"26","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1616132","article-title":"The global burden of osteoarthritis hand: lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2021","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01025-7","article-title":"Current Epidemiology and Risk Factors for the Development of Hand Osteoarthritis","volume":"23","author":"Plotz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fas.2024.02.009","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of ankle osteoarthritis in a population-based study","volume":"30","author":"Nishimura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335250","article-title":"Biological age threshold is associated with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis risk in chinese adults: Insights from machine learning analysis of a national cohort","volume":"20","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.11.024","article-title":"Assessing the association of epigenetic age acceleration with osteoarthritis in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST)","volume":"32","author":"Yau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib37","article-title":"Borderline acceleration in blood epigenetic age of unclear biological importance in knee osteoarthritis progression: Specimens and data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative and Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","author":"Brawner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116088","article-title":"Epigenetic age acceleration mediates the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and pain severity in adults with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis pain","volume":"331","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.04.002","article-title":"Sex differences in osteoarthritis prevalence, pain perception, physical function and therapeutics","volume":"32","author":"Segal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325681","article-title":"The influence of sex in diagnostic modelling of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"20","author":"McCabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.05.013","article-title":"Thigh muscle composition changes in knee osteoarthritis patients during weight loss: Sex-specific analysis using data from osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"32","author":"Moradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.04.015","article-title":"Unraveling sex-specific risks of knee osteoarthritis before menopause: Do sex differences start early in life?","volume":"32","author":"Hernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002419","article-title":"Association of Age and Sex at Onset With Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Prakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.05.002","article-title":"Gender and age differences in the associations between cortical thickness and hand osteoarthritis severity: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib45","article-title":"Features of Knee and Multijoint Osteoarthritis by Sex and Race and Ethnicity: A Preliminary Analysis in the Johnston County Health Study","author":"Novin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.06.006","article-title":"The mediation effects of malalignment on the relation of sex to the risk of incidence tibiofemoral osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Xin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac688","article-title":"A systematic review of the sex differences in risk factors for knee osteoarthritis","volume":"62","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. (Oxf. )"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab378","article-title":"Towards sex-specific osteoarthritis risk models: evaluation of risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in males and females","volume":"61","author":"Szilagyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib49","first-page":"55","article-title":"Racial disparities in osteoarthritis: Prevalence, presentation, and management in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Abdullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41231","article-title":"Association Between Race and Radiographic, Symptomatic, and Clinical Hand Osteoarthritis: A Propensity Score-Matched Study Using Osteoarthritis Initiative Data","volume":"74","author":"Pishgar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37775","article-title":"Brief report: differences in multijoint symptomatic osteoarthritis phenotypes by race and sex: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"65","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2020.09.001","article-title":"Racial\/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, and Geographic Disparities in the Epidemiology of Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis","volume":"47","author":"Callahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib53","article-title":"Effects of education, income, and occupation on prevalence and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24601-3","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality and modifiable cardiovascular risk factor clusters among consulters with and without osteoarthritis in England","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01339-7","article-title":"Trends and disparities in osteoarthritis prevalence among US adults, 2005-2018","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152063","article-title":"Does body mass index mediate the relationship between socioeconomic position and incident osteoarthritis?","volume":"56","author":"Witkam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.010","article-title":"Risk factors for onset of osteoarthritis of the knee in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Blagojevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.019","article-title":"Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Silverwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911906","article-title":"Mendelian Randomization Studies of Lifestyle-Related Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis: A PRISMA Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib60","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and osteoarthritis risk: evaluating the association of lipid accumulation product, body roundness index, and waist triglyceride index with osteoarthritis in U.S. adults","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004733","article-title":"Body composition is associated with changes in health-related quality of life in patients with knee and\/or hip osteoarthritis","volume":"11","author":"Rat","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa148","article-title":"Trajectory analysis combining pain and physical function in individuals with knee and hip osteoarthritis: results from the French KHOALA cohort","volume":"59","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24069","article-title":"What Have We Learned From Trajectory Analysis of Clinical Outcomes in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis Before Surgery?","volume":"72","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.05.026","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in adults with end-stage knee osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Godziuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40692","article-title":"Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis With Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Sarcopenia","volume":"71","author":"Misra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2023.22085","article-title":"The Relationship Between Sarcopenic Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis: The SARCOB Study","volume":"10","author":"Razaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.11.014","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement","volume":"41","author":"Donini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05556-3","article-title":"Association of sarcopenia and its prognostic value in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis among older people in China: the first longitudinal evidence from CHARLS","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311423","article-title":"Roles of low muscle strength and sarcopenic obesity on incident symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.06.002","article-title":"Association between sarcopenic obesity and the risk of knee osteoarthritis in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population: A 7-year cohort study","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11518","article-title":"The Association of Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity With Clinical Hip Osteoarthritis in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures and the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Cohorts","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACR Open. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17682-z","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome increases osteoarthritis risk: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1722731","article-title":"Metabolic-BMI phenotypes as nutritional risk indicators for osteoarthritis: evidence from a prospective cohort of UK adults","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004325","article-title":"From healthy to unhealthy obesity: A longitudinal study of adults in ELSA-Brasil","volume":"5","author":"Mendes","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Glob. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib75","article-title":"The causal association between bone mineral density and risk of osteoarthritis: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2025.03.003","article-title":"Risk factors for the development of knee osteoarthritis across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Duong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.148","article-title":"Changes in the osteochondral unit during osteoarthritis: structure, function and cartilage-bone crosstalk","volume":"12","author":"Goldring","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24008","article-title":"Comorbidities in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"72","author":"Swain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.09.010","article-title":"Metabolic osteoarthritis - relation of diabetes and cardiovascular disease with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"29","author":"Kuusalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11287","article-title":"Associations of Comorbid Conditions and Transitions Across States of Knee Osteoarthritis in a Community-Based Cohort","volume":"3","author":"Golightly","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACR Open. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1660319","article-title":"Osteoarthritis as a clinical marker of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic multimorbidity: a population-based cohort study in China","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-004164","article-title":"Twenty-year trajectories of morbidity in individuals with and without osteoarthritis","volume":"10","author":"Dell'Isola","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMD Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d1165","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d1165","article-title":"All cause and disease specific mortality in patients with knee or hip osteoarthritis: population based cohort study","volume":"342","author":"Nuesch","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2337\/ds19-0077","article-title":"What Makes Nutrition Research So Difficult to Conduct and Interpret?","volume":"33","author":"Vitolins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.04.015","article-title":"A Mendelian randomization study on the role of serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in osteoarthritis","volume":"29","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa697","article-title":"Mendelian randomization study on vitamin D levels and osteoarthritis risk: a concise report","volume":"60","author":"Bergink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030447","article-title":"Impact of Reduced Vitamin D Levels on Pain, Function, and Severity in Knee or Hip Osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Montemor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81845-6","article-title":"The association of vitamin D with knee osteoarthritis pain: an analysis from the Osteoarthritis Initiative database","volume":"14","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19825-8","article-title":"Association of serum calcium, vitamin D, and C-reactive protein with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in an osteoarthritis population in the UK: a prospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24964","article-title":"Associations Between Dietary Intake of Vitamin K and Changes in Symptomatic and Structural Changes in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"75","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2021.100172","article-title":"The association between vitamin K and medial tibial-femoral knee osteoarthritis progression: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"3","author":"Horace","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219483","article-title":"Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant usage is associated with increased incidence and progression of osteoarthritis","volume":"80","author":"Boer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219646","article-title":"Warfarin use and risk of knee and hip replacements","volume":"80","author":"Ballal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152030","article-title":"Genetically predicted vitamin K levels and risk of osteoarthritis: Mendelian randomization study","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.15333","article-title":"Association between folate intake and radiographic progression, pain function scores in subjects with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative","volume":"27","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-023-06860-w","article-title":"Association between niacin intake and knee osteoarthritis pain and function: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib97","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Folate deficiency is associated with increased radiographic severity of osteoarthritis in knee joints but not in hand joints","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3658","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO05162A","article-title":"The unexpected role of B vitamins in osteoarthritis: a call for caution","volume":"16","author":"Di","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.07.004","article-title":"Alkylresorcinol, a biomarker for whole grain intake, and its association with osteoarthritis: the MOST study","volume":"30","author":"Zertuche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081607","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Nutritional Supplementation on Osteoarthritis Symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Mathieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03167-8","article-title":"Long-term effects of vitamin D supplementation and maintaining sufficient vitamin D on knee osteoarthritis over 5 years","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.164487","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on progression of knee pain and cartilage volume loss in patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"McAlindon","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1961","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Tibial Cartilage Volume and Knee Pain Among Patients With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"315","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib104","article-title":"Relationship between 25-hydroxy vitamin D and knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib105","article-title":"Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels predict the effects of vitamin D supplementation on joint symptoms and cartilage loss in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Adv. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24371","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Disabling Foot Pain in Patients With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"73","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2020.09.009","article-title":"Impact of smoking on femorotibial and hip osteoarthritis progression: 3-year follow-up data from the KHOALA cohort","volume":"88","author":"Roux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80345-x","article-title":"Association of smoking with knee osteoarthritis structural defects and symptoms: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Salis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06953-2","article-title":"Association of smoking with cartilage loss of knee osteoarthritis: data from two longitudinal cohorts","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30644-6","article-title":"Association of smoking and osteoarthritis in US (NHANES 1999-2018)","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152013","article-title":"Does smoking protect against developing osteoarthritis? Evidence from a genetically informed perspective","volume":"55","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib112","article-title":"Smoking can increase the risk of osteoarthritis in European women","volume":"15","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/208426","article-title":"Assessing the impact of tobacco smoke exposure on earlyonset osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional analysis of secondary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2020","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11644","article-title":"Investigation of the Associations of Smoking With Hip Osteoarthritis: A Baseline Cross-Sectional and Four- to Five-Year Longitudinal Multicohort Study","volume":"6","author":"Salis","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACR Open. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.02.382","article-title":"Does smoking cessation increase risk of knee replacement? a general population-based cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106349","volume":"150","author":"Hulshof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000742","article-title":"Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis in Retired Professional Footballers: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"31","author":"Parekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roaf002","article-title":"Effects of regional variations and occupation on hand osteoarthritis: Insights from the research on osteoarthritis\/osteoporosis against disability study","volume":"35","author":"Kojima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2024-109949","article-title":"Occupational risk factors for thumb carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis: a register-based study of construction workers","volume":"82","author":"Lewis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxae063","article-title":"Occupational mechanical exposures as risk factor for shoulder osteoarthritis: a systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Thorsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Work. Expo. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07487-x","article-title":"Occupational tasks associated with shoulder pain and upper extremity disability: a cross-sectional study in the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project","volume":"25","author":"Yanik","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-022-00358-y","article-title":"Influence of physically demanding occupations on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Unverzagt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib123","first-page":"8383","article-title":"Farming and the risk of developing osteoarthritis in Alberta, Canada","volume":"24","author":"Rahmanzadeh Koucheh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rural. Remote. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108212","article-title":"Increased risk of incident knee osteoarthritis in those with greater work-related physical activity","volume":"79","author":"Lo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24333","article-title":"Occupational Risk in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4152","article-title":"Hip osteoarthritis and occupational mechanical exposures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Jahn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-024-00415-8","article-title":"Physically demanding occupations among females and sex-related differences to develop osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Unverzagt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaf060","article-title":"Elbow osteoarthritis and occupational mechanical exposures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Jahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.04.004","article-title":"Physical activity patterns, genetic susceptibility, and risk of hip\/knee osteoarthritis: a prospective cohort study based on the UK Biobank","volume":"30","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.8968","article-title":"Weight-Bearing Physical Activity, Lower-Limb Muscle Mass, and Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib131","article-title":"Comparative study on the association between types of physical activity, physical activity levels, and the incidence of osteoarthritis in adults: the NHANES 2007-2020","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.15.04173","article-title":"Association between physical activity and knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2022.12.012","article-title":"Association of physical activity with loss of knee joint space width over two years: a compositional data analysis in the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"31","author":"Voinier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24554","article-title":"Longitudinal Relationship Between Physical Activity and Joint Space Narrowing: Forty-Eight-Month Follow-Up Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"74","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25083","article-title":"Physical Activity and Features of Knee Osteoarthritis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Individuals Without Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review","volume":"75","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220728","article-title":"Stepping Forward: A Scoping Review of Physical Activity in Osteoarthritis","volume":"50","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2025.05.011","article-title":"Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with knee osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"33","author":"Akkaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.11.021","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of sleep disturbances on risk for osteoarthritis: a univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study","volume":"30","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.70040","article-title":"Associations of Sleep and Shift Work With Osteoarthritis Risk","author":"Yanik","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2025.100738","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of sleep disorders in osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Mathieu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223640","article-title":"Increased risk of osteoarthritis in patients with atopic disease","volume":"82","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib142","article-title":"Risk of knee osteoarthritis in patients with multiple atopic conditions: a nationwide study","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-23-00662","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis of the Knee in the United States: An Analysis of 948,853 Patients From 2000 to 2022","volume":"32","author":"Bank","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib144","article-title":"Trends in Australian knee injury rates: An epidemiological analysis of 228,344 knee injuries over 20 years","volume":"21","author":"Maniar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4678","article-title":"Population-wide incidence estimates for soft tissue knee injuries presenting to healthcare in southern Sweden: data from the Skane Healthcare Register","volume":"16","author":"Peat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516629944","article-title":"Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears and Reconstruction: A 21-Year Population-Based Study","volume":"44","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05553-9","article-title":"The incidence of paediatric ACL injury is increasing in Finland","volume":"28","author":"Weitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqad132","article-title":"Increased risk of lower limb osteoarthritis among former professional soccer (football) players","volume":"73","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25072","article-title":"Association of Traumatic Knee Injury With Radiographic Evidence of Knee Osteoarthritis in Military Officers","volume":"75","author":"Golightly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465241261357","article-title":"Patient and Operative Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Cohort Study of 41,976 Patients","volume":"52","author":"Prentice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546521993818","article-title":"Higher Incidence of Radiographic Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis With Transtibial Femoral Tunnel Positioning Compared With Anteromedial Femoral Tunnel Positioning During Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Cinque","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-023-07600-y","article-title":"Meniscectomy is associated with a higher rate of osteoarthritis compared to meniscal repair following acute tears: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Migliorini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.70059","article-title":"Low prevalence of moderate to severe osteoarthritis at long-term follow-up after combined anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and lateral extra-articular procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Free","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s40674-018-0096-0","article-title":"The importance of hip shape in predicting hip osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Treatm Opt. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.06.007","article-title":"Is hip morphology a risk factor for developing hip osteoarthritis? A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Casartelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.091410","article-title":"Hazard of incident and progressive knee and hip radiographic osteoarthritis and chronic joint symptoms in individuals with and without limb length inequality","volume":"37","author":"Golightly","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2007.01.009","article-title":"Relationship of limb length inequality with radiographic knee and hip osteoarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Golightly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00006","article-title":"Association of leg-length inequality with knee osteoarthritis: a cohort study","volume":"152","author":"Harvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40537","article-title":"Brief Report: Leg Length Inequality and Hip Osteoarthritis in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.003","article-title":"Statistical shape modeling of the hip and the association with hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"van Buuren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077907","article-title":"Cohort profile: Worldwide Collaboration on OsteoArthritis prediCtion for the Hip (World COACH) - an international consortium of prospective cohort studies with individual participant data on hip osteoarthritis","volume":"14","author":"van Buuren","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.12.001","article-title":"Acetabular dysplasia and the risk of developing hip osteoarthritis within 4-8 years: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 18,807 hips from the World COACH consortium","volume":"33","author":"Riedstra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-109595","article-title":"Severe pincer morphology is associated with incident hip osteoarthritis: prospective individual participant data from 18 935 hips from the World COACH consortium","volume":"60","author":"Riedstra","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2025-110144","article-title":"Cam morphology and the risk of developing radiographic hip osteoarthritis within 8 years: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 23 886 hips from the world COACH consortium","volume":"60","author":"Tang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2024-108222","article-title":"Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome in middle-aged individuals is strongly associated with the development of hip osteoarthritis within 10-year follow-up: a prospective cohort study (CHECK)","volume":"58","author":"Agricola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-07213-x","article-title":"Radiographic findings involved in knee osteoarthritis progression are associated with pain symptom frequency and baseline disease severity: a population-level analysis using deep learning","volume":"31","author":"Kunze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.04.021","article-title":"Asymmetric Flexion Contracture is Associated With Leg Length Inequality in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"104","author":"Fournier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104861","article-title":"Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including 46 819 men and women","volume":"56","author":"Oiestad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.02.658","article-title":"investigators OAI. Baseline and longitudinal change in isometric muscle strength prior to radiographic progression in osteoarthritic and pre-osteoarthritic knees--data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative","volume":"21","author":"Eckstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-026-03745-6","article-title":"Knee muscle strength as a mediator of sex differences in incident knee osteoarthritis","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224997","article-title":"Erosive hand osteoarthritis and sarcopenia: data from Osteoarthritis Initiative cohort","volume":"83","author":"Moradi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000479","article-title":"Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: literature update","volume":"30","author":"Vina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2202-8","article-title":"Association of malalignment, muscular dysfunction, proprioception, laxity and abnormal joint loading with tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis - a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"van Tunen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13079","article-title":"Valgus malalignment and prevalence of lateral compartmental radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA): The Wuchuan OA study","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-201070","article-title":"The role of varus and valgus alignment in the initial development of knee cartilage damage by MRI: the MOST study","volume":"72","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2025.10.005","article-title":"The Impact of varus and valgus alignment on knee cartilage quality assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: insights from the IMI-APPROACH cohort","volume":"57","author":"Bax","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.103B2.BJJ-2020-1050.R1","article-title":"Coronal Plane Alignment of the Knee (CPAK) classification","volume":"103-B","author":"MacDessi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12704","article-title":"Coronal plane alignment of the knee phenotypes distribution varies significantly as a function of geographic, osteoarthritic and sex-related factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Giurazza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2025.10.002","article-title":"Varus and neutral coronal knee phenotypes dominate globally: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of the CPAK classification","volume":"57","author":"de Geofroy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.10.010","article-title":"Are biomechanics during gait associated with the structural disease onset and progression of lower limb osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"D'Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-025-02288-1","article-title":"Are Altered Knee Joint Biomechanics Associated with Future Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Outcomes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"55","author":"Savage","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22015","article-title":"Biomechanical deviations during level walking associated with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."}],"container-title":["Osteoarthritis and Cartilage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1063458426009568?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1063458426009568?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:14:49Z","timestamp":1789085689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1063458426009568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1063458426009568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-4584"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-4584","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: 2026 update of the evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Osteoarthritis and Cartilage","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2026.06.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}