{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:42:28Z","timestamp":1790185348291,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Densitometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,8]],"date-time":"2014-05-08T23:34:02Z","timestamp":1399592042000},"page":"258-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Quantitative Computer Tomography in Children and Adolescents: The 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Judith E.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9875-4123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Engelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babette S.","family":"Zemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib1","series-title":"Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism","first-page":"251","article-title":"DXA in adults and children","author":"Blake","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(03)00113-5","article-title":"Current concepts in pediatric bone disease","volume":"49","author":"Leonard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000223689","article-title":"Bone densitometry: current status and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Crabtree","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.9.795","article-title":"Bone densitometry in children assessed by dual x ray absorptiometry: uses and pitfalls","volume":"88","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.6.837","article-title":"Uncritical use of bone-mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone-mineral determinants","volume":"60","author":"Prentice","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2007.12.010","article-title":"Clinical use of quantitative computed tomography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography in the management of osteoporosis in adults: the 2007 ISCD Official Positions","volume":"11","author":"Engelke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2007.12.006","article-title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography in children and adolescents: the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions","volume":"11","author":"Zemel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32835a2609","article-title":"Assessment of bone quality and strength with new technologies","volume":"19","author":"Engelke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198911000-00015","article-title":"Impact of marrow fat on accuracy of quantitative CT","volume":"13","author":"Gluer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23644","article-title":"Muscle X-ray attenuation is not decreased during experimental bed rest","volume":"47","author":"Rittweger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3689813","article-title":"The effect of voxel size on high-resolution peripheral computed tomography measurements of trabecular and cortical bone microstructure","volume":"39","author":"Tjong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.05.034","article-title":"Reproducibility of direct quantitative measures of cortical bone microarchitecture of the distal radius and tibia by HR-pQCT","volume":"47","author":"Burghardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(97)00093-4","article-title":"Bone density in children: a review of the available techniques and indications","volume":"26","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20553","article-title":"Changes in bone mineral density in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"46","author":"Kaste","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1845-0","article-title":"Radiation exposure in X-ray-based imaging techniques used in osteoporosis","volume":"20","author":"Damilakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.11.007","article-title":"Comparison of effective dose to children and adults from dual X-ray absorptiometry examinations","volume":"38","author":"Blake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0800-2","article-title":"A reference database for the Stratec XCT-2000 peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) scanner in healthy children and young adults aged 6-19 years","volume":"20","author":"Ashby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050709","article-title":"A PC program for estimating organ dose and effective dose values in computed tomography","volume":"9","author":"Kalender","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib19","unstructured":"ICRP, 2007. 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (Users Edition). ICRP Publication 103 (Users Edition). Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.02.005","article-title":"Advanced imaging assessment of bone fragility in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","volume":"48","author":"Kalpakcioglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.20854","article-title":"QCT versus DXA in 320 survivors of childhood cancer: association of BMD with fracture history","volume":"47","author":"Kaste","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1621-2","article-title":"Skeletal findings in children recently initiating glucocorticoids for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Feber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-012-0315-x","article-title":"Long-term bone health in glucocorticoid-treated children with rheumatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Rousseau-Nepton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-013-0147-2","article-title":"Advanced CT based in\u00a0vivo methods for the assessment of bone density, structure, and strength","volume":"11","author":"Engelke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.03.669","article-title":"Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the forearm using general purpose spiral whole-body CT scanners: accuracy, precision and comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)","volume":"45","author":"Engelke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040129","article-title":"Low magnitude mechanical loading is osteogenic in children with disabling conditions","volume":"19","author":"Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib27","first-page":"S232","article-title":"Precision of peripheral quantitative computed tomography measures of the tibia in children","volume":"19","author":"Zemel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2008.09.005","article-title":"Bone and muscle parameters of the tibia: agreement between the XCT 2000 and XCT 3000 instruments","volume":"12","author":"Burrows","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1795","article-title":"Multicenter precision of cortical and trabecular bone quality measures assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"28","author":"Burghardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0913-2","article-title":"High-resolution peripheral QCT imaging of bone micro-structure in adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.091034","article-title":"Bone microstructure at the distal tibia provides a strength advantage to males in late puberty: an HR-pQCT study","volume":"25","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2010.02.003","article-title":"Assessing bone microstructure at the distal radius in children and adolescents using HR-pQCT: a methodological pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Burrows","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1531-3","article-title":"Pubertal timing and body mass index gain from birth to maturity in relation with femoral neck BMD and distal tibia microstructure in healthy female subjects","volume":"22","author":"Chevalley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1669-z","article-title":"Sclerostin levels during growth in children","volume":"23","author":"Kirmani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081255","article-title":"Bone structure at the distal radius during adolescent growth","volume":"24","author":"Kirmani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9405-9","article-title":"Site specificity of bone architecture between the distal radius and distal tibia in children and adolescents: an HR-pQCT study","volume":"87","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.552","article-title":"Cortical porosity is higher in boys compared with girls at the distal radius and distal tibia during pubertal growth: an HR-pQCT study","volume":"27","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.360","article-title":"Trabecular bone of growth plate origin influences both trabecular and cortical morphology in adulthood","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.46","article-title":"Rapid growth produces transient cortical weakness: a risk factor for metaphyseal fractures during puberty","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-011-1829-1","article-title":"Short-term in\u00a0vivo precision of BMD and parameters of trabecular architecture at the distal forearm and tibia","volume":"23","author":"Engelke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/20\/001","article-title":"Automated quantification of three-dimensional subject motion to monitor image quality in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"56","author":"Pauchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.03.003","article-title":"Quality control for bone quality parameters affected by subject motion in high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"50","author":"Pauchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.10.003","article-title":"Visual grading of motion induced image degradation in high resolution peripheral computed tomography: impact of image quality on measures of bone density and micro-architecture","volume":"50","author":"Pialat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.311","article-title":"The use of computed tomography in pediatrics and the associated radiation exposure and estimated cancer risk","volume":"167","author":"Miglioretti","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.12.004","article-title":"Dose reduction in paediatric MDCT: general principles","volume":"62","author":"Paterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9026","article-title":"Pediatric CT: strategies to lower radiation dose","volume":"200","author":"Zacharias","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.2.3275985","article-title":"Quantitative CT for determination of bone-mineral density\u2014a review","volume":"166","author":"Cann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198008000-00018","article-title":"Precise measurement of vertebral mineral-content using computed-tomography","volume":"4","author":"Cann","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2544-x","article-title":"A low radiation exposure protocol for 3D QCT of the spine","volume":"25","author":"Museyko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.11.008","article-title":"Reanalysis precision of 3D quantitative computed tomography (QCT) of the spine","volume":"44","author":"Engelke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2010.02.011","article-title":"Quality assurance and dosimetry in bone densitometry","volume":"48","author":"Damilakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-012-0881-z","article-title":"Quality assurance of imaging techniques used in the clinical management of osteoporosis","volume":"117","author":"Guglielmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-6009(08)80213-9","article-title":"European semi-anthropomorphic phantom for the cross-calibration of peripheral bone densitometers: assessment of precision accuracy and stability","volume":"27","author":"Pearson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone Miner"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02526878","article-title":"Radial cortical and trabecular bone densities of men and women standardized with the European Forearm Phantom","volume":"58","author":"Reeve","year":"1996","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0720-048X(95)00631-Y","article-title":"The European Spine Phantom\u2014a tool for standardization and quality control in spinal bone mineral measurements by DXA and QCT","volume":"20","author":"Kalender","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2001.16.8.1547","article-title":"The development of metaphyseal cortex\u2014implications for distal radius fractures during growth","volume":"16","author":"Rauch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib57","first-page":"46","article-title":"Functional assessment of the muscle-bone unit in the lower leg","volume":"12","author":"Anliker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1744-1","article-title":"The \u201cfunctional muscle-bone unit\u201d: a two-step diagnostic algorithm in pediatric bone disease","volume":"20","author":"Schoenau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1492","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1336","article-title":"Abnormalities in muscle density and muscle function in hypophosphatemic rickets","volume":"97","author":"Veilleux","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.442","article-title":"Bone structure and fracture risk: do they go arm in arm?","volume":"26","author":"Bouxsein","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650020617","article-title":"Bone histomorphometry\u2014standardization of nomenclature, symbols, and units","volume":"2","author":"Parfitt","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00159-8","article-title":"Calibration of trabecular bone structure measures of in vivo three-dimensional peripheral quantitative computed tomography with 28-microm-resolution microcomputed tomography","volume":"24","author":"Leib","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1702-0","article-title":"Methods for assessing bone quality: a review","volume":"469","author":"Donnelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib64","first-page":"217","article-title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the proximal radius in young subjects\u2014new reference data and interpretation of results","volume":"8","author":"Rauch","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2007.11.002","article-title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography of the tibia: pediatric reference values","volume":"11","author":"Moyer-Mileur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1913","article-title":"Effects of sex, race, and puberty on cortical bone and the functional muscle bone unit in children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"95","author":"Leonard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780111005","article-title":"Smoothing reference centile curves: the LMS method and penalized likelihood","volume":"11","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib68","first-page":"56","article-title":"Effects of jumping exercise on maximum ground reaction force and bone in 8- to 12-year-old boys and girls: a 9-month randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Anliker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821c4661","article-title":"Maximum ground reaction force in relation to tibial bone mass in children and adults","volume":"43","author":"Anliker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28025","article-title":"Overweight children have a greater proportion of fat mass relative to muscle mass in the upper limbs than in the lower limbs: implications for bone strength at the distal forearm","volume":"90","author":"Ducher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1361-8","article-title":"Associations of physical activity duration, frequency, and load with volumetric BMD, geometry, and bone strength in young girls","volume":"22","author":"Farr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.12.033","article-title":"Relationship of total body fat mass to weight-bearing bone volumetric density, geometry, and strength in young girls","volume":"46","author":"Farr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.414","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fat content is inversely associated with bone strength in young girls","volume":"26","author":"Farr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181eeb2f2","article-title":"Quantifying bone-relevant activity and its relation to bone strength in girls","volume":"43","author":"Farr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.218","article-title":"Lower trabecular volumetric BMD at metaphyseal regions of weight-bearing bones is associated with prior fracture in young girls","volume":"26","author":"Farr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1216-3","article-title":"The muscle-bone unit of peripheral and central skeletal sites in children and young adults","volume":"22","author":"Ashby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.090824","article-title":"Trabecular volumetric bone mineral density is associated with previous fracture during childhood and adolescence in males: the GOOD study","volume":"25","author":"Darelid","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.322","article-title":"Agreement between pQCT- and DXA-derived indices of bone geometry, density, and theoretical strength in females of varying age, maturity, and physical activity","volume":"26","author":"Dowthwaite","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.12.032","article-title":"Determinants of bone size and strength in 13-year-old South African children: the influence of ethnicity, sex and pubertal maturation","volume":"48","author":"Micklesfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-2174-8","article-title":"Racial differences in cortical bone and their relationship to biochemical variables in Black and White children in the early stages of puberty","volume":"24","author":"Warden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1263-9","article-title":"Precompetitive and recreational gymnasts have greater bone density, mass, and estimated strength at the distal radius in young childhood","volume":"22","author":"Erlandson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.01.005","article-title":"Mechanical loads and cortical bone geometry in healthy children and young adults","volume":"48","author":"Wetzsteon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0889","article-title":"Cross-sectional versus longitudinal associations of lean and fat mass with pQCT bone outcomes in children","volume":"96","author":"Wey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.136","article-title":"Fat mass accumulation compromises bone adaptation to load in Finnish women: a cross-sectional study spanning three generations","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.422","article-title":"Concerted actions of insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone, and estradiol on peripubertal bone growth: a 7-year longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1333-z","article-title":"Fracture risk in children with a forearm injury is associated with volumetric bone density and cortical area (by peripheral QCT) and areal bone density (by DXA)","volume":"22","author":"Kalkwarf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.05.005","article-title":"Increased fat mass is associated with increased bone size but reduced volumetric density in pre pubertal children","volume":"50","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1752","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the relationship between cortical bone and high-impact activity in young adult males and females","volume":"97","author":"Deere","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1907","article-title":"Fat mass exerts a greater effect on cortical bone mass in girls than boys","volume":"95","author":"Sayers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1159\/000313380","article-title":"Do bone mineral density, bone geometry and the functional muscle-bone unit explain bone fractures in healthy children and adolescents?","volume":"74","author":"Beccard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.05.016","article-title":"Low volumetric BMD is linked to upper-limb fracture in pubertal girls and persists into adulthood: a seven-year cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03955.x","article-title":"Bone geometry and volumetric bone mineral density in girls with Turner syndrome of different pubertal stages","volume":"74","author":"Soucek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36001","article-title":"The generalized bone phenotype in children with neurofibromatosis 1: a sibling matched case-control study","volume":"161","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2011.10.004","article-title":"Comparative bone status assessment by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography and quantitative ultrasound in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"De Schepper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2011.02616.x","article-title":"Boys with haemophilia have low trabecular bone mineral density and sarcopenia, but normal bone strength at the radius","volume":"18","author":"Soucek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.06.025","article-title":"Selective reduction in trabecular volumetric bone mineral density during treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"51","author":"Kohler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2393","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in childhood survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia without cranial radiation","volume":"97","author":"Mostoufi-Moab","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1499","article-title":"Bone density and structure in long-term survivors of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"27","author":"Mostoufi-Moab","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0810-0","article-title":"Bone mass and structure in adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy peers","volume":"20","author":"Saha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450780105X","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid is associated with endosteal circumference in long bones in young males with cystic fibrosis","volume":"99","author":"Gronowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.392","article-title":"Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is a skeletal dysplasia","volume":"26","author":"Gordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2008.12.002","article-title":"Tibial geometry in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 without anterolateral bowing of the lower leg using peripheral quantitative computed tomography","volume":"44","author":"Stevenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E275","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2406","article-title":"Muscle-bone characteristics in children with Prader-Willi syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Edouard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1170-0","article-title":"Reduced cortical bone density with normal trabecular bone density in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Holroyd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4133","article-title":"Cortical and trabecular bone density in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets","volume":"98","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.05.001","article-title":"Early changes in body composition after cessation of growth hormone therapy in childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"14","author":"Bechtold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.06.028","article-title":"Similar effects of long-term exogenous growth hormone (GH) on bone and muscle parameters: a pQCT study of GH-deficient and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) children","volume":"41","author":"Schweizer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181f6300b","article-title":"Impaired bone geometry after heart and heart-lung transplantation in childhood","volume":"90","author":"Bechtold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2012.02880.x","article-title":"Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) reveals alterations in the three-dimensional bone structure in children with haemophilia","volume":"18","author":"Ranta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.03.765","article-title":"Characterization of low bone mass in young patients with thalassemia by DXA, pQCT and markers of bone turnover","volume":"48","author":"Fung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21021","article-title":"Reduced muscle mass and bone size in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Bechtold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.09.072","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of bone density and structure in an incident cohort of children with Crohn's disease","volume":"136","author":"Dubner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.495","article-title":"Long-term development of bone geometry and muscle in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"106","author":"Werkstetter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0979","article-title":"Dynamics of body composition and bone in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with growth hormone","volume":"95","author":"Bechtold","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23683","article-title":"Bone density, structure, and strength in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: importance of disease severity and muscle deficits","volume":"58","author":"Burnham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011050480","article-title":"Bone density and cortical structure after pediatric renal transplantation","volume":"23","author":"Terpstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.347","article-title":"Changes in bone structure and the muscle-bone unit in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"83","author":"Tsampalieros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1829-6","article-title":"CKD-MBD after kidney transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Wesseling-Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.427","article-title":"Volumetric bone mineral density and bone structure in childhood chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Wetzsteon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081101","article-title":"Divergent effects of glucocorticoids on cortical and trabecular compartment BMD in childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Wetzsteon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2012.762590","article-title":"Evaluation of bone mineral density and morphology using pQCT in children after spinal cord injury","volume":"16","author":"Biggin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Neurorehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1598","article-title":"Zoledronic acid improves bone mineral density in pediatric spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Ooi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.080402","article-title":"BMD and bone geometry in transtibial and transfemoral amputees","volume":"23","author":"Sherk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04595gre","article-title":"A cross-sectional evaluation of the effect of risperidone and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on bone mineral density in boys","volume":"71","author":"Calarge","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0142","article-title":"Bone size normalizes with age in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Bechtold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2116-x","article-title":"Assessment of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures of bone health in\u00a0pediatric chronic kidney disease","volume":"27","author":"Griffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib127","first-page":"380","article-title":"Quantitative spinal mineral analysis in children","volume":"29","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Radiol (Paris)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.3.3340782","article-title":"Vertebral bone density in children: effect of puberty","volume":"166","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.162.2.8310936","article-title":"Age-related changes in cortical and cancellous vertebral bone density in girls: assessment with quantitative CT","volume":"162","author":"Mora","year":"1994","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.10.1664","article-title":"Biochemical markers of bone turnover and the volume and the density of bone in children at different stages of sexual development","volume":"14","author":"Mora","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib131","first-page":"3908","article-title":"Early identification of children predisposed to low peak bone mass and osteoporosis later in life","volume":"85","author":"Loro","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.190.3.8115609","article-title":"Gender differences in vertebral body sizes in children and adolescents","volume":"190","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib133","first-page":"1420","article-title":"Differential effect of race on the axial and appendicular skeletons of children","volume":"83","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2002.009316","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of standing programme on bone mineral density in non-ambulant children with cerebral palsy","volume":"89","author":"Caulton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181efbabc","article-title":"Effect of high-frequency, low-magnitude vibration on bone and muscle in children with cerebral palsy","volume":"30","author":"Wren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90074-7","article-title":"Vertebral bone density in insulin-dependent diabetic children","volume":"40","author":"Roe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-1849-9","article-title":"Bone measures in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents: disparity between quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements","volume":"16","author":"Pitukcheewanont","year":"2005","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1375-2","article-title":"Bone size and density measurements in prepubertal children with Turner syndrome prior to growth hormone therapy","volume":"22","author":"Pitukcheewanont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2004.17.6.889","article-title":"Quantitative computed tomography measurements of bone mineral density in prepubertal children with congenital hypothyroidism treated with L-thyroxine","volume":"17","author":"Pitukcheewanont","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.01.045","article-title":"Low cortical bone density measured by computed tomography in children and adolescents with untreated hyperthyroidism","volume":"150","author":"Numbenjapon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib141","first-page":"1603","article-title":"Differential effect of gender on the sizes of the bones in the axial and appendicular skeletons","volume":"82","author":"Gilsanz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.8.5874","article-title":"Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor I and the density, volume, and cross-sectional area of cortical bone in children","volume":"84","author":"Mora","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-11-6","article-title":"Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis: a cross-sectional single-centre experience with bone histomorphometry and quantitative computed tomography","volume":"11","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2493080206","article-title":"Quantitative CT reference values for vertebral trabecular bone density in children and young adults","volume":"250","author":"Gilsanz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Densitometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094695014000274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094695014000274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:39:42Z","timestamp":1761082782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094695014000274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094695014000274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1094-6950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-6950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Quantitative Computer Tomography in Children and Adolescents: The 2013 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2014.01.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 The International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}