{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:45:04Z","timestamp":1776851104996,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Densitometry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T05:10:52Z","timestamp":1708146652000},"page":"101480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Performance of Progressive Generations of GPT on an Exam Designed for Certifying Physicians as Certified Clinical Densitometrists"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9006-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dustin","family":"Valdez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6253-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Bunnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sian Y.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sadowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2280-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26023-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence system reduces false-positive findings in the interpretation of breast ultrasound exams","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010161","article-title":"Deep learning based methods for breast cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and future direction","volume":"13","author":"Nasser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104398","article-title":"A review on recent developments in cancer detection using machine learning and deep learning models","volume":"80","author":"Maurya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0004","first-page":"277","article-title":"Machine learning applications for COVID-19: a state-of-the-art review","author":"Kamalov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Data Sci Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.192","article-title":"A systematic literature review of machine learning application in COVID-19 medical image classification","volume":"216","author":"Cenggoro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/00031348221101490","article-title":"Deep learning applications in surgery: Current uses and future directions","volume":"89","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac216","article-title":"Machine learning approaches for electronic health records phenotyping: a methodical review","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0008","first-page":"30","article-title":"Attention is all you need","author":"Vaswani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Neural Info Process Syst"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0009","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0010","unstructured":"Michael and Daniel, GPT Takes the Bar Exam. arXiv pre-print server, 2022."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0011","series-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on free-response, clinical reasoning exams","author":"Strong","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000205","article-title":"ChatGPT passing USMLE shines a spotlight on the flaws of medical education","volume":"2","author":"Mbakwe","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digital Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198","article-title":"Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models","volume":"2","author":"Kung","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digital Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0014","unstructured":"Nori, H., et al., Capabilities of GPT-4 on Medical Challenge Problems. arXiv pre-print server, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1385\/JCD:1:1:81","article-title":"Professional certification and site accreditation in bone densitometry","volume":"1","author":"Avecilla","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2023.101369","article-title":"Positions of the international society for clinical densitometry and their etiology: a scoping review","author":"Shepherd","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0017","unstructured":"ISCD, Certified Clinical Densitometrist CCD Candidate Handbook and Application. 2020: ISCD."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0018","unstructured":"Available from: https:\/\/platform.openai.com\/playground."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0019","unstructured":"Tom, et al., Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. arXiv pre-print server, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0020","unstructured":"OpenAi, GPT-4 Technical Report. arXiv pre-print server, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0021","unstructured":"Liu, H., et al., Evaluating the Logical Reasoning Ability of ChatGPT and GPT-4. arXiv pre-print server, 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2010.08.003","article-title":"Who can pass the ISCD professional certification course? The 8-yr experience in Taiwan","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0023","unstructured":"Thoppilan, R., et al., Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239, 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0024","first-page":"182","article-title":"Massive data language models and conversational artificial intelligence: emerging issues","volume":"29","author":"O'Leary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intell Syst Account Finance Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manakul, P., A. Liusie, and Mark, SelfCheckGPT: Zero-Resource Black-Box Hallucination Detection for Generative Large Language Models. arXiv pre-print server, 2023.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.557"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2023.64.1","article-title":"Opportunities and risks of ChatGPT in medicine, science, and academic publishing: a modern Promethean dilemma","volume":"64","author":"Homolak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02289-5","article-title":"Will ChatGPT transform healthcare?","volume":"29","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25779-x","article-title":"Automated bone mineral density prediction and fracture risk assessment using plain radiographs via deep learning","volume":"12","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Densitometry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094695024000155?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1094695024000155?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T21:45:25Z","timestamp":1761083125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1094695024000155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1094695024000155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.07.25.23293171","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1094-6950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1094-6950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Performance of Progressive Generations of GPT on an Exam Designed for Certifying Physicians as Certified Clinical Densitometrists","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Densitometry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocd.2024.101480","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101480"}}