{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T22:10:18Z","timestamp":1760825418140,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007217","name":"Health Services Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VA-MERIT I01-CX001901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VA-MERIT I01-CX001901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSG-15-003-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSG-15-003-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P50CA211015-01A1","1R21CA223757-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P50CA211015-01A1","1R21CA223757-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19NS115388","U54 DK064539","UH3NS100608"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19NS115388","U54 DK064539","UH3NS100608"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01NS078494-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01NS078494-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18TPA34170049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18TPA34170049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL148182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL148182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jocn-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T05:26:12Z","timestamp":1664429172000},"page":"131-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Regional Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (rCSVD) Score: A clinical MRI grading system validated in a stroke cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saman","family":"Hazany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim-Lien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sakshi","family":"Luthra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Butani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Dergalust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Ellingson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Hinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.019482","article-title":"Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular events in the elderly population","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22836","article-title":"Association between ideal cardiovascular health metrics and risk of cardiovascular events or mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"40","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.011","article-title":"Ideal cardiovascular health, mortality, and vascular events in elderly subjects: the three-city study","volume":"69","author":"Gaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.16975","article-title":"Association of change in cardiovascular risk factors with incident cardiovascular events","volume":"320","author":"van Sloten","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000837","article-title":"Stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and total MRI brain small-vessel disease burden","volume":"83","author":"Staals","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70060-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahammedi A, Wang LL, Williamson BJ, et al. Small vessel disease, a marker of brain health: what the radiologist needs to know. Am J Neuroradiol 2022, 43 (5) 650-660.","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7302"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-008-1119-2","article-title":"Development and initial testing of normal reference MR images for the brain at ages 65\u201370 and 75\u201380 years","volume":"19","author":"Farrell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.05.004","article-title":"Measures of brain morphology and infarction in the Framingham Heart Study: establishing what is normal","volume":"26","author":"DeCarli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314587","article-title":"Principles of precision medicine in stroke. Review","volume":"88","author":"Hinman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0055","unstructured":"Goel A, Gaillard F. Fazekas scale for white matter lesions. https:\/\/radiopaedia.org."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351","article-title":"MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging","volume":"149","author":"Fazekas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1318","article-title":"A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT","volume":"32","author":"Wahlund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.028","article-title":"Visual rating scales of white matter hyperintensities and atrophy: comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"27","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000441420","article-title":"Visual assessment of age-related white matter hyperintensities using FLAIR images at 3T: inter- and intra-rater agreement","volume":"16","author":"Boutet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002545","article-title":"Ambulatory blood pressure in patients with lacunar stroke: association with total MRI burden of cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"44","author":"Klarenbeek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1294","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009141","article-title":"Simple MRI score aids prediction of dementia in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"94","author":"Amin Al Olama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5853\/jos.2017.02110","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral small vessel disease in a chinese population-based sample","volume":"20","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.004130","article-title":"Risk factors, stroke prevention treatments, and prevalence of cerebral microbleeds in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"45","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3331","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010852","article-title":"Association of common genetic variants with brain microbleeds: A genome-wide association study","volume":"95","author":"Knol","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.13786","article-title":"Deep chronic microvascular white matter ischemic change as an independent predictor of acute brain infarction after thoracic aortic replacement","volume":"33","author":"Obusez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Card Surg Actions"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2333020981","article-title":"Quantification of afferent vessels shows reduced brain vascular density in subjects with leukoaraiosis","volume":"233","author":"Moody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11031","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011031","article-title":"Deep cerebral microbleeds are associated with the severity of lacunar infarcts and hypertension: A retrospective analysis","volume":"97","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Observat Study Med (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594853","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease and risk of death, ischemic stroke, and cardiac complications in patients with atherosclerotic disease: the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Magnetic Resonance (SMART-MR) study","volume":"42","author":"Conijn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003983","article-title":"Space and location of cerebral microbleeds, cognitive decline, and dementia in the community","volume":"88","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.15.8.774","article-title":"Lacunes: small, deep cerebral infarcts","volume":"15","author":"Fisher","year":"1965","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12558","article-title":"A comparison of location of acute symptomatic vs. 'silent' small vessel lesions","volume":"10","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70124-8","article-title":"Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration","volume":"12","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.564914","article-title":"Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"41","author":"Doubal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.32.8.871","article-title":"Lacunar strokes and infarcts: a review","volume":"32","author":"Fisher","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3122","article-title":"Clinical significance of magnetic resonance imaging markers of vascular brain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Debette","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23962","article-title":"Sex differences in neuroinflammation and neuroprotection in ischemic stroke","volume":"95","author":"Spychala","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.4\/cepperson","article-title":"Considering sex and gender in Alzheimer disease and other dementias","volume":"18","author":"Podcasy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.2.169","article-title":"Sex differences in brain aging: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"55","author":"Coffey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70340-0","article-title":"Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"van Asch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829bfde3","article-title":"Epidemiology of stroke and its subtypes in Chinese vs white populations: a systematic review","volume":"81","author":"Tsai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.009","article-title":"Brain tissue volumes and small vessel disease in relation to the risk of mortality","volume":"30","author":"Ikram","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011104","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011104","article-title":"Small- vessel disease in the heart and brain: current knowledge, unmet therapeutic need, and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00117","article-title":"MRI visual ratings of brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities across the spectrum of cognitive decline are differently affected by age and diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Rhodius-Meester","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.570044","article-title":"Association of MRI markers of vascular brain injury with incident stroke, mild cognitive impairment, dementia and mortality: the Framingham Offspring Study","volume":"41","author":"Debette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12176","article-title":"Relationship between small cerebral white matter lesions and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Makino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges","volume":"9","author":"Pantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.594267","article-title":"Brain atrophy and cerebral small vessel disease: a prospective follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Nitkunan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000226774","article-title":"White matter lesions and brain atrophy: more than shared risk factors? A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Appelman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-012-2677-x","article-title":"Brain atrophy associations with white matter lesions in the ageing brain: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936","volume":"23","author":"Aribisala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tropr\u00e8s I, Grimault S, Vaeth A, et al. Vessel size imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45(3):397\u2013408.","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200103)45:3<397::AID-MRM1052>3.3.CO;2-V"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0967586822003757?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0967586822003757?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T21:32:16Z","timestamp":1760823136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0967586822003757"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0967586822003757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-5868"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0967-5868"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Regional Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (rCSVD) Score: A clinical MRI grading system validated in a stroke cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}