{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:15:40Z","timestamp":1785838540896,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jocn-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T22:17:58Z","timestamp":1764109078000},"page":"111768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The impact of postoperative drain placement on perioperative management in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Xianxu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changlin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Nian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shicheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5651-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet, 2024;403(10440):2204\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00932-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li P, Lei R, Ding L, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes and optimal treatment approaches of degenerative cervical spondylosis: a 12-year multicenter retrospective cohort study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2025;50(13):890\u2013901.","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000005266"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03726-4","article-title":"Clinical and imaging outcomes of self-locking stand-alone cages and anterior cage-with-plate in three-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.3.SPINE10716","article-title":"Incidence of postoperative symptomatic epidural hematoma in spinal decompression surgery","volume":"15","author":"Aono","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim S, Bazydlo M, Macki M, et al. A matched cohort analysis of drain usage in elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a michigan spine surgery improvement collaborative (MSSIC) study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2022;47(3):220\u20136.","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004169"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000001253","article-title":"Routinely placing drainage tube in patients with anterior cervical surgery: is it really necessary? [J]","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0035","article-title":"Is a wound drain needed routinely after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion?","volume":"22","author":"Geldart","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2023.2254833","article-title":"The efficacy of post-operative drains for anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lerch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195840030-00009","article-title":"The treatment of certain cervical-spine disorders by anterior removal of the intervertebral disc and interbody fusion","volume":"40-a","author":"Smith","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040452.226","article-title":"National trends and correlates of dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery","volume":"18","author":"Perez-Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9","article-title":"Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale","volume":"94","author":"Farrar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0065","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: the barthel index","volume":"14","author":"Mahoney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md State Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90133-3","article-title":"What is the maximum number of levels needed in pain intensity measurement?","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772312Y.0000000070","article-title":"Post-operative spinal epidural hematoma causing American spinal Injury association B spinal cord injury in patients with suction wound drains","volume":"36","author":"Chimenti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-017-3506-2","article-title":"Causes and preventive measures of symptomatic spinal epidural haematoma after spinal surgery","volume":"41","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2018.05.10","article-title":"The use of subfascial drains after multi-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: does the data support its use?","volume":"4","author":"Adogwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1086\/368195","article-title":"Surgical site infections associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: do postoperative factors play a role?","volume":"36","author":"Manian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/393642","article-title":"The natural history and clinical syndromes of degenerative cervical spondylosis","volume":"2012","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Orthopedics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000264395.38684.5a","article-title":"The efficacy of surgical drainage in cervicofacial rhytidectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"120","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.82.124","article-title":"Indwelling drains are not necessary for patients undergoing one-level anterior cervical fixation surgery","volume":"82","author":"Kogure","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0110","unstructured":"The group of minimally invasive spinal s, enhanced recovery professional committee of orthopedic s, enhanced recovery association of china rehabilitation technology T et al. [Expert consensus on the implementation of enhanced recovery after surgery in percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar lumbar decompression\/discectomy (2020)]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery, 2020; 34(12):1497\u2013506."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3790-8","article-title":"Use of closed suction devices and other drains in spinal surgery: results of an online, Germany-wide questionnaire","volume":"25","author":"von Eckardstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06540-2","article-title":"Risk-benefit analysis of wound drain usage in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis with evidence summary","volume":"29","author":"Muthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002720","article-title":"ERAS implementation-time to move forward","volume":"267","author":"Kehlet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.166194","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors for surgical site infection after clean spinal operations: a prospective cohort study and review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Saeedinia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.117","article-title":"Risk factor analysis of deep surgical site infection after posterior instrumented fusion surgery for spinal trauma: a multicenter observational study","volume":"134","author":"Ogihara","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-05299-2","article-title":"Risk factors for deep surgical site infections following orthopedic trauma surgery: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0967586825007416?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0967586825007416?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T23:22:16Z","timestamp":1769296936000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0967586825007416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S0967586825007416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-5868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-5868","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The impact of postoperative drain placement on perioperative management in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111768","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111768"}}