{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T04:33:56Z","timestamp":1793162036440,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jocn-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:01:01Z","timestamp":1788278461000},"page":"112260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["From andragogy to heutagogy: a scaffolded pathway for self-directed neurosurgical learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Jahnavi","family":"Rungta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandramouli","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shady Fahmy","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Anantha Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.R.","family":"Sethuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandrasekaran","family":"Kaliaperumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_1014_2023","article-title":"On the balance beam: facing the challenges of neurosurgical education in the third millennium","volume":"15","author":"Ramirez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.984208","article-title":"Editorial: training and education in neurosurgery: challenges and strategies for the next ten years","volume":"9","author":"Bongetta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2008.08.007","article-title":"The intercollegiate surgical curriculum programme (ISCP)","volume":"26","author":"McKee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgery (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2023.101744","article-title":"Executive Board of the European Association of Neurosurgical S. European training requirements in neurological surgery: a new outcomes-based 3 stage UEMS curriculum","volume":"3","author":"Whitfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_221_20","article-title":"Students' perception regarding pedagogy, andragogy, and heutagogy as teaching-learning methods in undergraduate medical education","volume":"9","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_414_2020","article-title":"What do neurosurgical trainees think about neuro-interventional training and service provision in the United Kingdom?","volume":"11","author":"Kotecha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.3.JNS17242","article-title":"Neurosurgeon as educator: a review of principles of adult education and assessment applied to neurosurgery","volume":"127","author":"Jensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.19173\/irrodl.v13i1.1076","article-title":"Heutagogy and lifelong learning: a review of heutagogical practice and self-determined learning","volume":"13","author":"Blaschke","year":"2012","journal-title":"The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0045","article-title":"Heutagogy: a comprehensive review of self-determined learning in contemporary education","volume":"17","author":"Panta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001323","article-title":"Fostering the development of master adaptive learners: a conceptual model to guide skill acquisition in medical education","volume":"92","author":"Cutrer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-022-10165-z","article-title":"Educating for adaptive expertise: case examples along the medical education continuum","volume":"27","author":"Pusic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-021-01491-9","article-title":"Measuring the master adaptive learner: development and internal structure validity evidence for a new instrument","volume":"32","author":"Stringer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02680513.2018.1562329","article-title":"Heutagogy and self-determined learning: a review of the published literature on the application and implementation of the theory","author":"Agon\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-024-10383-7","article-title":"Self-directed learning and the student learning experience in undergraduate clinical science programs: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Finn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5334\/pme.2128","article-title":"Self-directed learning in health professions education: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wilkes","year":"2026","journal-title":"Perspect Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12651","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2024.12651","article-title":"Andragogy in practice: applying a theoretical framework to team science training in biomedical research","volume":"81","author":"Knapke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"234","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0085","first-page":"210","article-title":"Applying adult learning theories in improving medical education in Nepal: view of medical students","volume":"59","author":"Subedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/01587919.2020.1766949","article-title":"Developing lifelong learning with heutagogy: contexts, critiques, and challenges","volume":"41","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Distance Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124257","article-title":"Neurosurgical resident skill development using a novel simulator-based anterior cervical discectomy and fusion curriculum","volume":"201","author":"Robertson","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0100","unstructured":"Surgeons SoBN. Training Resources [Available from: https:\/\/www.sbns.org.uk\/education\/training-resources.html."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab322","article-title":"Data-driven residency training: a scoping review of educational interventions for neurosurgery residency programs","volume":"89","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2025.06.010","article-title":"A competency-based approach to functional neurosurgery training: insights from the surgical autonomy program","volume":"29","author":"Hon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0115","series-title":"ACGME Program requirements for graduate medical education in neurological surgery including FAQs","author":"Education ACfGM","year":"2026"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.12.FOCUS19814","article-title":"The state of neurosurgical training and education in East Asia: analysis and strategy development for this frontier of the world","volume":"48","author":"Ferraris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0125","unstructured":"Society JN. The Japan Neurosurgical Society, GIA (General Incorporated Association) Regulations for the Board Certification System 2004 [updated March 1, 2012. Available from: https:\/\/jns-official.jp\/english\/board-regulations."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2024.0056","article-title":"Competency-based neurosurgical residency training program in Korea","volume":"68","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.147","article-title":"Current training status of neurosurgical residents in South Korea: a nationwide multicenter survey","volume":"131","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2024.0067","article-title":"Enhancing the evaluation system of training hospitals for neurosurgical residency training and education in South Korea: striving for balanced participation and differentiation","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0145","unstructured":"NeusMENT. [Available from: https:\/\/www.neusment.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.195","article-title":"Risk factors for dropping out of neurosurgical residency programs-a survey study","volume":"120","author":"Ottenhausen","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-09-00081.1","article-title":"How residents view their clinical supervision: a reanalysis of classic national survey data","volume":"2","author":"Baldwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260_b0160","article-title":"Bridging the neurosurgical training divide: why traditional residency models are obsolete for the neurosurgeon of 2035","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S096758682600411X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S096758682600411X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:50:13Z","timestamp":1793159413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S096758682600411X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S096758682600411X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-5868"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-5868","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From andragogy to heutagogy: a scaffolded pathway for self-directed neurosurgical learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2026.112260","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112260"}}