{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:15:09Z","timestamp":1790612109882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of refractive errors and visual impairment and the correlation between personal characteristics, including age, sex, weight, and height, with different types of refractive errors in a population of university students in the south of Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study, a number of university majors were selected as clusters using multi-stage sampling in all universities located in Kazerun (27 clusters of 133 clusters). Then, proportional to size, a number of students in each major were randomly selected to participate in the study. Uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, non-cycloplegic objective refraction and subjective refraction were measured in all participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) of presenting visual impairment and blindness was 2.19% (1.48\u20133.23) and 0.27% (0.12\u20130.62), respectively. Refractive errors comprised 75% of the causes of visual impairment. The prevalence (95% CI) of myopia [spherical equivalent (SE) \u2264 \u20130.5 D], hyperopia (SE \u2265 0.5 D), and astigmatism (cylinder power &lt; \u20130.5 D) was 42.71% (39.71\u201345.77), 3.75% (2.85\u20134.51), and 29.46% (27.50\u201331.50), respectively. Totally, 49.03% (46.39\u201351.68) of the participants had at least one type of refractive error. There was a positive association between weight and myopia (1.01; 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.02), anisometropia (1.03; 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.06), and refractive errors (1.01; 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.02). In comparison with the age group 18\u201319 years, the odds ratio (OR) of astigmatism in the age group 26\u201327 years was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.03\u20132.61), and the OR of anisometropia in the age group \u2265 30 years was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.04\u20130.98).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of refractive errors, especially myopia, is higher in university students than the general population. Since refractive errors constitute a major part of visual impairment, university students should receive special services for providing corrective lenses and glasses to reduce the burden of these disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2018.08.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T10:12:34Z","timestamp":1535796754000},"page":"75-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence of Refractive Errors in Iranian University Students in Kazerun"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Pakzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbasali","family":"Yekta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Ostadimoghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Heravian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyhaneh","family":"Yekta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khabazkhoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-11-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000796","article-title":"Global Vision Impairment and Blindness Due to Uncorrected Refractive Error, 1990-2010","volume":"93","author":"Naidoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R2-11-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","article-title":"Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010","volume":"96","author":"Pascolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-11-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006","article-title":"Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050","volume":"123","author":"Holden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-11-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00453-5","article-title":"Refractive Error Study in children: Results from Mechi Zone, Nepal","volume":"129","author":"Pokharel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-11-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.03.075","article-title":"Refractive errors in an elderly Japanese population: The Tajimi study","volume":"115","author":"Sawada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R6-11-20240910","first-page":"1408","article-title":"Height and its relationship to refraction and biometry parameters in Singapore Chinese children","volume":"43","author":"Saw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R7-11-20240910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1144","article-title":"Does the level of physical activity in university students influence development and progression of myopia? 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