{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:28:19Z","timestamp":1786739299438,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"\n Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n To determine the distribution of keratoconus indices in a 5-93-year-old healthy eyes of a rural population in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n In this cross-sectional study, multi-stage cluster sampling was applied to select subjects from two villages in the north and southwest of Iran. After obtaining informed consent, all subjects underwent ophthalmologic and optometric examinations. Corneal imaging by the Pentacam was done in subjects above 5 years between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m., at least 3 h after wakeup. All subjects who had abnormal keratoconus indices were excluded. Our main outcome was keratometry-flat (K\n f<\/jats:sub>\n ), keratometry-steep (K\n s<\/jats:sub>\n ), keratoconus index (KI), and central keratoconus index (CKI).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean \u00b1 standard deviation of K\n f<\/jats:sub>\n , K\n s<\/jats:sub>\n , KI, and CKI was 43.12 \u00b1 1.74, 44.25 \u00b1 1.65, 1.02 \u00b1 0.02, and 1.01 \u00b1 0.01, respectively. According to multiple linear regression analysis, the mean index surface variance (ISV) (b: -1.367,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), index vertical asymmetry (IVA) (b: -0.012,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), KI (b: -0.011,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), CKI (b: -0.001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), index height asymmetry (IHA) (b: -0.491, P: 0.005), and index height decentration (IHD) (b: -0.001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) were lower in men compared to women. Moreover, age had an indirect association with ISV (b: -0.030,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and average pachymetric progression index (RPI_avg) (b: -0.001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), and a direct association with KI, CKI, and IHA. Spherical equivalence had an indirect association with KI (b: -0.001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and RPI_avg (b: -0.004,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and a direct association with CKI (b: 0.001,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Among all variables, sex had the greatest impact on ISV, IVA, KI, IHA, IHD, and minimum sagittal curvature.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The Keratoconus indices of our study were similar to other studies. Although age, living place, and type of refractive error were associated with some indices, sex was the strongest determinant of Keratoconus indices in a population of healthy eyes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2019.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T09:13:59Z","timestamp":1573463639000},"page":"343-348","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Keratoconus Indices and Their Determinants in Healthy Eyes of a Rural 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