{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1793274357315,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","jendodon.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Endodontics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:10:59Z","timestamp":1791904259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparing Diagnostic Ability of Two Off-the-Shelf Large Language Models with That of Endodontists for Teeth Requiring Initial Root Canal Treatment: A Multicenter Retrospective Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Torabinejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6671-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Tordik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massoud","family":"Parirokh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Dianat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5972-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Foroughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zegar","family":"Zegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udochukwu E.","family":"Oyoyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13265","article-title":"Evaluation of artificial intelligence for detecting periapical pathosis on cone-beam computed tomography scans","volume":"53","author":"Orhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.03.025","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for the Computer-aided Detection of Periapical Lesions in Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Images","volume":"46","author":"Setzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib3","article-title":"Assessment of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Software in Identifying Common Periodontal and Restorative Dental Conditions (Marginal Bone Loss, Periapical Lesion, Crown, Restoration, Dental Caries) in Intraoral Periapical Radiographs","volume":"15","author":"Ibraheem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib4","article-title":"Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence in Detecting Periapical Periodontitis on Two-Dimensional Radiographs: A Retrospective Study and Literature Review","volume":"59","author":"Issa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-025-02019-y","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence in the evaluation of periapical, caries, and restoration status: a new methodological and technological study","volume":"25","author":"Keskin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"issue":"7972","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2","article-title":"Large language models encode clinical knowledge","volume":"620","author":"Singhal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib7","article-title":"Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems","author":"Nori","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02448-8","article-title":"Large language models in medicine","volume":"29","author":"Thirunavukarasu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2024-0034","article-title":"Comparative analysis of diagnostic accuracy in endodontic assessments: dental students vs. artificial intelligence","volume":"11","author":"Qutieshat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnosis (Berl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-08263-8","article-title":"Knowledge-level comparison in pulpal and periapical diseases: dental students versus artificial intelligence models (Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4o): cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Kurt","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/sej.sej_121_25","article-title":"Performance and potential of large language models in restorative dentistry, endodontic diagnosis, and education: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Sahoo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Saudi Endodontic Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2024.109332","article-title":"Comparative accuracy of artificial intelligence chatbots in pulpal and periradicular diagnosis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"183","author":"Mendon\u00e7a de Moura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13985","article-title":"Unveiling the ChatGPT phenomenon: Evaluating the consistency and accuracy of endodontic question answers","volume":"57","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2025.01.002","article-title":"Performance of 4 Artificial Intelligence Chatbots in Answering Endodontic Questions","volume":"51","author":"Abdulrab","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.01.009","article-title":"From Evidence-based Endodontics to Generative AI: A Comparative Study of 11 Large Language Models","volume":"52","author":"de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.70040","article-title":"Clinical Relevance of Large Language Models in Endodontics: Diagnostic Appropriateness Based on 50 Simulated Case Scenarios","volume":"52","author":"Karaca","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07896-z","article-title":"Evaluating large language models using national endodontic specialty examination questions: are they ready for real-world dentistry?","volume":"25","author":"\u00c7eki\u0307\u00e7","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-026-07753-5","article-title":"Comparative performance of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Deepseek on endodontic exam questions in Turkish and English","volume":"26","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05968-w","article-title":"Performance of large language artificial intelligence models on solving restorative dentistry and endodontics student assessments","volume":"28","author":"K\u00fcnzle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2025.06.014","article-title":"Performance of 7 Artificial Intelligence Chatbots on Board-style Endodontic Questions","volume":"51","author":"Jalali","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05857-y","article-title":"Comparing diagnostic skills in endodontic cases: dental students versus ChatGPT-4o","volume":"25","author":"Durmazpinar","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06987-z","article-title":"Dens invaginatus as a diagnostic challenge: evaluating large language models against expert endodontic reasoning","volume":"25","author":"Erkal","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03953-8","article-title":"The STARD-AI reporting guideline for diagnostic accuracy studies using artificial intelligence","volume":"31","author":"Sounderajah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14075","article-title":"PRIDASE 2024 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies in endodontics: A consensus-based development","volume":"57","author":"Nagendrababu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.109322","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Concise Review of Reporting Checklists and Guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Khurshid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03538.x","article-title":"Statistical methodology: I. Incorporating the prevalence of disease into the sample size calculation for sensitivity and specificity","volume":"3","author":"Buderer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib27","unstructured":"American Association of Endodontists. https:\/\/www.aae.org\/specialty\/clinical-resources\/glossary-endodontic-terms\/. 2020. Glossary of Endodontic Terms 10th ed. Chicago, IL."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8288","article-title":"Accuracy of a Generative Artificial Intelligence Model in a Complex Diagnostic Challenge","volume":"330","author":"Kanjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/48659","article-title":"Assessing the Utility of ChatGPT Throughout the Entire Clinical Workflow: Development and Usability Study","volume":"25","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01684-1","article-title":"Evaluating large language model workflows in clinical decision support for triage and referral and diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Gaber","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.02.014","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Taking American Board of Endodontics Simulated Oral Board Examination","author":"Jalali","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01258-7","article-title":"A framework for human evaluation of large language models in healthcare derived from literature review","volume":"7","author":"Tam","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib33","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Chatbots\u2019 Performance on Dental Trauma Case-based Queries: Examining the Effect of Prompt and Content Engineering","author":"AmirHossein Ourang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2025.04.015","article-title":"Evaluating Large Language Models in Addressing Patient Questions on Endodontic Pain: A Comparative Analysis of Accessible Chatbots","volume":"51","author":"Aljamani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06050-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the performance of large language models in clinical decision-making in endodontics","volume":"25","author":"\u00d6zbay","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Endodontics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0099239926005297?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0099239926005297?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T10:56:58Z","timestamp":1793271418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0099239926005297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0099239926005297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0099-2399"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0099-2399","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparing Diagnostic Ability of Two Off-the-Shelf Large Language Models with That of Endodontists for Teeth Requiring Initial Root Canal Treatment: A Multicenter Retrospective Investigation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Endodontics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2026.10.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Association of Endodontists.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}