{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:29:04Z","timestamp":1787239744281,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F17-02161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F17-02161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jogc.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T07:49:10Z","timestamp":1562312950000},"page":"1742-1751.e6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Temporal Trends in Preterm Birth, Neonatal Mortality, and Neonatal Morbidity Following Spontaneous and Clinician-Initiated Delivery in Canada, 2009-2016"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Lindsay L.","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia M.","family":"Muraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Boutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Synnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1220-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarka","family":"Lisonkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0001","series-title":"Health fact sheets: Preterm live births in Canada, 2000 to 2013","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","article-title":"An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood","volume":"371","author":"Saigal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.7.843","article-title":"The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality","volume":"284","author":"Kramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60108-7","article-title":"Primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions to reduce the morbidity and mortality of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Iams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0904308","article-title":"The enigma of spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"362","author":"Muglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2007.11.001","article-title":"Medically indicated preterm birth: recognizing the importance of the problem","volume":"35","author":"Ananth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.06.002","article-title":"Medically indicated-iatrogenic prematurity","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-39","article-title":"Temporal trends in neonatal outcomes following iatrogenic preterm delivery","volume":"11","author":"Lisonkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1234036","article-title":"Do neonatal outcomes differ depending on the cause of preterm birth? A comparison between spontaneous birth and iatrogenic delivery for preeclampsia","volume":"27","author":"Bastek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00823.x","article-title":"Outcomes of preterm children according to type of delivery onset: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Morken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3232","article-title":"Delivery indications at late-preterm gestations and infant mortality rates in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.051","article-title":"Subtypes of preterm birth and the risk of postneonatal death","volume":"162","author":"Kamath-Rayne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000153","article-title":"The effect of changing patterns of obstetric care in Scotland (1980-2004) on rates of preterm birth and its neonatal consequences: perinatal database study","volume":"6","author":"Norman","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181b473fc","article-title":"Heterogeneity of preterm birth subtypes in relation to neonatal death","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000215984.36989.5e","article-title":"Temporal trends of preterm birth subtypes and neonatal outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Barros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9635","article-title":"Temporal trends in late preterm and early term birthrates in 6 high-income countries in North America and Europe and association with clinician-initiated obstetric interventions","volume":"316","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.29.3.01","article-title":"Validation of perinatal data in the Canadian Institute for Health Information's Discharge Abstract Database","volume":"29","author":"Joseph","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0019","series-title":"Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database: a validation study","first-page":"1","author":"Juurlink","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0020","first-page":"113","article-title":"Uses and limitations of routine hospital admission\/separation records for perinatal surveillance","volume":"18","author":"Wen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8292(99)00008-8","article-title":"Assessing ecologic proxies for household income: a comparison of household and neighbourhood level income measures in the study of population health status","volume":"5","author":"Mustard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0022","series-title":"Postal code conversion file (PCCF), reference guide. 2013. 92-154-G2013001","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E456","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.151382","article-title":"Maternal morbidity among women in rural versus urban areas: a residence-based approach","volume":"188","author":"Lisonkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2010.00332.x","article-title":"Birth outcomes among older mothers in rural versus urban areas: a residence-based approach","volume":"27","author":"Lisonkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2009.00242.x","article-title":"The association between rural-urban continuum, maternal education and adverse birth outcomes in Quebec, Canada","volume":"25","author":"Auger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0026","series-title":"Structure and change in Canada's rural demography\u202f: an update to 2006 with provincial detail. Agriculture and rural working paper series working paper no. 90","first-page":"1","author":"Bollman","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2307\/3001616","article-title":"Some methods for strengthening the common chi-square tests","volume":"10","author":"Cochran","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2307\/3001775","article-title":"Tests for linear trends in proportions and frequencies","volume":"11","author":"Armitage","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000546","article-title":"Trends in spontaneous and indicated preterm delivery among singleton gestations in the United States, 2005-2012","volume":"124","author":"Gyamfi-Bannerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12281","article-title":"Preterm birth time trends in Europe: a study of 19 countries","volume":"120","author":"Zeitlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12401","article-title":"How often are late preterm births the result of non-evidence based practices: analysis from a retrospective cohort study at two tertiary referral centres in a nationalised healthcare system","volume":"120","author":"Morais","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.1792","article-title":"Association between temporal changes in neonatal mortality and spontaneous and clinician-initiated deliveries in the United States, 2006-2013","volume":"172","author":"Ananth","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.021","article-title":"Maternal-fetal conditions necessitating a medical intervention resulting in preterm birth","volume":"195","author":"Ananth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12030","article-title":"Theoretical and empirical justification for current rates of iatrogenic delivery at late preterm gestation","volume":"27","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000629","article-title":"Trends in optimal, suboptimal, and questionably appropriate receipt of antenatal corticosteroid prophylaxis","volume":"125","author":"Razaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072788","article-title":"Nasal CPAP for very preterm infants","volume":"358","author":"Morley","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5980","article-title":"Non-invasive versus invasive respiratory support in preterm infants at birth: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"347","author":"Schm\u00f6lzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1159\/000448985","article-title":"European consensus guidelines on the management of respiratory distress syndrome - 2016 update","volume":"111","author":"Sweet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1516783","article-title":"Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery","volume":"374","author":"Gyamfi-Bannerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E485","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.140399","article-title":"Association of a quality improvement program with neonatal outcomes in extremely preterm infants: a prospective cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/20.1.e1","article-title":"The evidence-based practice for improving quality method has greater impact on improvement of outcomes than dissemination of practice change guidelines and quality improvement training in neonatal intensive care units","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2132","article-title":"Association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"170","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E94","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.12-2-e94","article-title":"Core concepts: intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"12","author":"Whitelaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neoreviews"}],"container-title":["Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1701216319302695?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1701216319302695?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:35:07Z","timestamp":1761665707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1701216319302695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1701216319302695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151","relation":{},"ISSN":["1701-2163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1701-2163","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Temporal Trends in Preterm Birth, Neonatal Mortality, and Neonatal Morbidity Following Spontaneous and Clinician-Initiated Delivery in Canada, 2009-2016","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.151","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada\/La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des obst\u00e9triciens et gyn\u00e9cologues du Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}