{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:51:47Z","timestamp":1791492707378,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jogc.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:16:27Z","timestamp":1791414987000},"page":"103537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal trends and recurrence risks of spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm birth in Canada \u2013 a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4449-9256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Srajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padma","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Renton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amity E.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen H.","family":"Chaput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1622","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Incidence and Mortality of Neonatal Preterm Birth, 1990-2019","volume":"176","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2025.1565897","article-title":"Long-term health outcomes of preterm birth: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Gette","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.34918","article-title":"Long-Term Educational Outcomes of Individuals Born Preterm","volume":"8","author":"Loose","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.15921","article-title":"Preterm Birth, Family Income, and Intergenerational Income Mobility","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.45871","article-title":"Short-Term and Long-Term Mortality Risk After Preterm Birth","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-221107","article-title":"Examining the impact of premature birth on parental mental health and family functioning in the years following hospital discharge: A review","volume":"16","author":"Legge","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2024.12.002","article-title":"Association between adverse birth outcomes and long-term risk of premature cardiovascular disease and mortality in a contemporary population-based cohort of 502,383 pregnant women","volume":"282","author":"Kaul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib8","article-title":"Preterm delivery and long term mortality in women: national cohort and co-sibling study","volume":"370","author":"Crump","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3232","article-title":"Delivery indications at late-preterm gestations and infant mortality rates in the United States","volume":"124","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12648","article-title":"Roles of the underlying cause of delivery and gestational age on long-term child health","volume":"34","author":"Cairncross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt251","article-title":"Neonatal morbidity associated with late preterm and early term birth: the roles of gestational age and biological determinants of preterm birth","volume":"43","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.02.005","article-title":"Phenotypic Classification of Preterm Birth Among Nulliparous Women: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Maghsoudlou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015402","article-title":"Risk of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2026.115037","article-title":"Non-genetic risk indicators for preterm birth: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"321","author":"Klumper","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib15","first-page":"2380","article-title":"Validation of preterm birth related perinatal and neonatal data in the Canadian discharge abstract database to facilitate long-term outcomes research of individuals born preterm","volume":"9","author":"Louis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060870","article-title":"Maternal mortality and severe morbidity associated with low-risk planned cesarean delivery versus planned vaginal delivery at term","volume":"176","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"10409","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: a systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12965","article-title":"The association of gestational age at birth with trajectories of early childhood developmental delay among late preterm and early term born children: A longitudinal analysis of All Our Families pregnancy cohort","volume":"37","author":"Stephenson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.9635","article-title":"Temporal Trends in Late Preterm and Early Term Birth Rates in 6 High-Income Countries in North America and Europe and Association With Clinician-Initiated Obstetric Interventions","volume":"316","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.08.017","article-title":"The impact of Severe Maternal Morbidity on probability of subsequent birth in a population-based study of women in California from 1997-2017","volume":"64","author":"Bane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-023-01343-9","article-title":"Genetic effects on the timing of parturition and links to fetal birth weight","volume":"55","author":"Sole-Navais","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612665","article-title":"Genetic Associations with Gestational Duration and Spontaneous Preterm Birth","volume":"377","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1576-y","article-title":"International comparison of common risk factors of preterm birth between the U.S. and Canada, using PRAMS and MES (2005-2006)","volume":"19","author":"Garn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E81","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.190940","article-title":"Outcomes and care practices for preterm infants born at less than 33 weeks' gestation: a quality-improvement study","volume":"192","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0439","article-title":"Sustained quality improvement in outcomes of preterm neonates with a gestational age less than 29 weeks: results from the Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality Phase 3 (1)","volume":"97","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.9875","article-title":"Association of Maternal Age With Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in Canada","volume":"2","author":"Aoyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.55558","article-title":"Multiple Maternal Chronic Conditions and Risk of Severe Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E897","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.231547","article-title":"Trends in rate of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and associated morbidities in Canada: a population-based study (2012-2021)","volume":"196","author":"Dzakpasu","year":"2024","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib29","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Preterm live births in Canada, 2000 to 2013 2016 [updated 2016-10-26. Available from: https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/82-625-x\/2016001\/article\/14675-eng.htm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537_bib30","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Table 13-10-0429-01 Live births and fetal deaths (stillbirths), by place of birth (hospital or non-hospital) 2026 [updated 2025-12-12. Available from: https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1310042901."}],"container-title":["Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1701216326003397?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1701216326003397?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:45:27Z","timestamp":1791492327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1701216326003397"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1701216326003397"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537","relation":{},"ISSN":["1701-2163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1701-2163","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Temporal trends and recurrence risks of spontaneous and provider-initiated preterm birth in Canada \u2013 a population-based study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jogc.2026.103537","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada\/La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des obst\u00e9triciens et gyn\u00e9cologues du Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103537"}}