{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:15:39Z","timestamp":1782494139497,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Integrative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T21:49:29Z","timestamp":1595022569000},"page":"416-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Alleviative effects of Cannabis flower on migraine and headache"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sarah S.","family":"Stith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jegason P.","family":"Diviant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Brockelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keenan","family":"Keeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branden","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Storri","family":"Lucern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Vigil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12482","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of migraine and severe headache in the United States: updated statistics from government health surveillance studies","volume":"55","author":"Burch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0010","unstructured":"Migraine Research Foundation. Migraine facts. (2020-06) [2020-06-08]. https:\/\/migraineresearchfoundation.org\/about-migraine\/migraine-facts\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1772-y","article-title":"Sex-related differences in migraine","volume":"35","author":"Finocchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-013-0341-z","article-title":"Epidemiology of migraine and headache in children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"W\u00f6ber-Bing\u00f6l","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.12.001","article-title":"Illness perception in people with primary and secondary chronic headache in the general population","volume":"116","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312233","article-title":"Migraine and its psychiatric comorbidities","volume":"87","author":"Minen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12505_2","article-title":"Episodic and chronic migraine headache: breaking down barriers to optimal treatment and prevention","volume":"55","author":"Lipton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0592-1","article-title":"Migraine treatment: current acute medications and their potential mechanisms of action","volume":"15","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05186.x","article-title":"Burden of illness and satisfaction with care among patients with headache seen in a primary care setting","volume":"45","author":"Harpole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416663459","article-title":"Acute migraine medication adherence, migraine disability and patient satisfaction: a naturalistic daily diary study","volume":"37","author":"Seng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0186-6","article-title":"Psychoactive substances as a last resort\u2014a qualitative study of self-treatment of migraine and cluster headaches","volume":"14","author":"Andersson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2007.00752.x","article-title":"Satisfaction with current migraine therapy: experience from 3 centers in US and Sweden","volume":"47","author":"Bigal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2362-7","article-title":"Does complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use reduce negative life impact of headaches for chronic migraineurs? A national survey","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2017.12.003","article-title":"Reasons for and perceived benefits of utilizing complementary and alternative medicine in U.S. adults with migraines\/severe headaches","volume":"30","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117699616","article-title":"Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep","volume":"31","author":"Piper","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187795","article-title":"Associations between medical cannabis and prescription opioid use in chronic pain patients: a preliminary cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Vigil","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2017.07.017","article-title":"Effects of legal access to cannabis on scheduled II\u2013V drug prescriptions","volume":"19","author":"Stith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0862-2","article-title":"Patterns of medicinal cannabis use, strain analysis, and substitution effect among patients with migraine, headache, arthritis, and chronic pain in a medicinal cannabis cohort","volume":"19","author":"Baron","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"6290","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7450","article-title":"Federal barriers to cannabis research","volume":"352","author":"Stith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0100","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0007","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey of medical cannabis users: patterns of use and perceived efficacy","volume":"1","author":"Sexton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12570","article-title":"Comprehensive review of medicinal marijuana, cannabinoids, and therapeutic implications in medicine and headache","volume":"55","author":"Baron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0009","article-title":"Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency reconsidered: current research supports the theory in migraine, fibromyalgia, irritable bowel, and other treatment-resistant syndromes","volume":"1","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.054","article-title":"Anti-migraine effect of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in the female rat","volume":"818","author":"Kandasamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1673","article-title":"Effects of medical marijuana on migraine headache frequency in an adult population","volume":"36","author":"Rhyne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0130","unstructured":"Americans for Safe Access. Releaf. (2020-06) [2020-06-08]. https:\/\/releafapp.com\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0027","article-title":"The name of Cannabis: a short guide for nonbotanists","volume":"1","author":"Pollio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamark J. Encyclop\u00e9die M\u00e9todique. Botanique. Paris-Liege: Panckouke; 1783\u2013803 [French].","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.824"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0145","first-page":"75","article-title":"Effectiveness of raw, natural medical Cannabis flower for treating insomnia under naturalistic conditions","volume":"5","author":"Vigil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39462-1","article-title":"The association between cannabis product characteristics and symptom relief","volume":"9","author":"Stith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0026-x","article-title":"The primary headaches: genetics, epigenetics and a behavioural genetic model","volume":"9","author":"Montagna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.12.005","article-title":"Challenges in developing drugs for primary headaches","volume":"152","author":"Schytz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.02.041","article-title":"Headaches related to psychoactive substance use","volume":"114","author":"Beckmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003861","article-title":"Dopamine D2\/D3 imbalance during migraine attack and allodynia in vivo","volume":"88","author":"DaSilva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.3.650","article-title":"Dopamine and migraine","volume":"49","author":"Peroutka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7629","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20153","article-title":"The effects of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system","volume":"539","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.03.010","article-title":"Effect of cannabis on glutamate signalling in the brain: a systematic review of human and animal evidence","volume":"64","author":"Colizzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0190","article-title":"The emerging role of NMDA antagonists in pain management","volume":"36","author":"Jamero","year":"2011","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.12.029","article-title":"Influence of external magnesium ions on the NMDA receptor channel block by different types of organic cations","volume":"62","author":"Nikolaev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13135","article-title":"Ketamine infusion combined with magnesium as a therapy for intractable chronic cluster headache: report of two cases","volume":"57","author":"Moisset","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0582-2","article-title":"Inflammation and excitotoxicity: role in migraine pathogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Longoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S104","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0420-y","article-title":"Migraine with aura from pathophysiology to treatment: therapeutic strategies","volume":"26","author":"D\u2019Andrea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12725","article-title":"Migraine triggers and oxidative stress: a narrative review and synthesis","volume":"56","author":"Borkum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(24)23149-7","article-title":"\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist to modulate glutamatergic synaptic transmission between rat hippocampal neurons in culture","volume":"55","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.03.011","article-title":"\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol protects hippocampal neurons from excitotoxicity","volume":"1128","author":"Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v01n02_04","article-title":"Hemp for headache","volume":"1","author":"Russo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cannabis Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.108.051482","article-title":"Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol switches from agonist to antagonist depending on firing rate","volume":"75","author":"Roloff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20701","article-title":"Two opposite effects of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol on subthalamic nucleus neuron activity: involvement of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission","volume":"64","author":"Morera-Herreras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.169","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling in social functioning: an RDoC perspective","volume":"6","author":"Karhson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3876","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling and the deteriorating brain","volume":"16","author":"Di Marzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5313\/wja.v3.i1.18","article-title":"No pain, no social gains: a social-signaling perspective of human pain behaviors","volume":"3","author":"Vigil","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49789","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049789","article-title":"Dimerization with cannabinoid receptors allosterically modulates \u0394 opioid receptor activity during neuropathic pain","volume":"7","author":"Bushlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.114.094649","article-title":"CB2 Cannabinoid receptors as a therapeutic target\u2014what does the future hold?","volume":"86","author":"Dhopeshwarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-14-05344.2001","article-title":"Functional interaction between opioid and cannabinoid receptors in drug self-administration","volume":"21","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706757","article-title":"\u03bc opioid and CB1 cannabinoid receptor interactions: reciprocal inhibition of receptor signaling and neuritogenesis","volume":"148","author":"Rios","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2008.00107.x","article-title":"Advances in the field of cannabinoid\u2014opioid cross-talk","volume":"13","author":"Robledo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.05.019","article-title":"Interactions between CB1 cannabinoid and \u03bc opioid receptors mediating inhibition of neurotransmitter release in rat nucleus accumbens core","volume":"51","author":"Schoffelmeer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01130","article-title":"Toxicant formation in dabbing: the terpene story","volume":"2","author":"Meehan-Atrash","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["Journal of Integrative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2095496420300741?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2095496420300741?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T22:50:24Z","timestamp":1761864624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2095496420300741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2095496420300741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["2095-4964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2095-4964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alleviative effects of Cannabis flower on migraine and headache","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Integrative Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Shanghai Changhai Hospital. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}