{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1791973632749,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intensive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T12:08:59Z","timestamp":1621339739000},"page":"4-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["COVID-19 and earlier pandemics, sepsis, and vaccines: A historical perspective"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Cavaillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-9883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin F.","family":"Osuchowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)66317-7","article-title":"The recent pandemic of influenza: its place of origin and mode of spread","volume":"143","author":"Clemow","year":"1894","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0002","article-title":"Unexpected detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the prepandemic period in Italy","author":"Apolone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00716-2","article-title":"Evidence of early circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in France: findings from the population-based \u201cCONSTANCES\u201d cohort","volume":"36","author":"Carrat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vex012","article-title":"Global patterns in coronavirus diversity","volume":"3","author":"Anthony","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0005","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. SARS (10 Years After). Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/dotw\/sars\/index.html."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2509.190143","article-title":"Worldwide reduction in MERS cases and deaths since 2016","volume":"25","author":"Donnelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2019.06.005","article-title":"From septicemia to sepsis 3.0 \u2013 from Ignaz Semmelweis to Louis Pasteur","volume":"21","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0009","series-title":"Le 19e livre traitant de la grosse v\u00e9role","author":"Par\u00e9","year":"1585"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0010","unstructured":"Pouteau C. Oeuvres posthumes. Paris: imprimerie Ph.D. Pierres; 1783."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11929-000","author":"Holland","year":"1839","journal-title":"Medical Notes and Reflections"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1707170","article-title":"Recognizing sepsis as a global health priority \u2013 a WHO resolution","volume":"377","author":"Reinhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-3324","article-title":"Nosocomial infections among patients with COVID-19, SARS and MERS: a rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa816","article-title":"Nosocomial transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective study of 66 hospital-acquired cases in a London teaching hospital","volume":"72","author":"Rickman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.20498","article-title":"Incidence of nosocomial COVID-19 in patients hospitalized at a large US academic medical center","volume":"3","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0016","unstructured":"Sant\u00e9 Publique France. COVID-19 Point \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire du 24 Septembre 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.google.fr\/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiE_Oqg36XwAhVFyxoKHcEmBlUQFjABegQIAxAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.santepubliquefrance.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F283689%2F2742445&usg=AOvVaw33F4jcy1ytXwk0LsIcnt9M."},{"issue":"10235","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30920-X","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses","volume":"395","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2020.06.002","article-title":"The severe COVID-19: a sepsis induced by viral infection? And its immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00747","article-title":"COVID-19 sepsis and microcirculation dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Colantuoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001565","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2\/COVID-19: evolving reality, global response, knowledge gaps, and opportunities","volume":"54","author":"Osuchowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00218-6","article-title":"The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and phenotypes of a new disease entity","volume":"9","author":"Osuchowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3313","article-title":"Is a \"Cytokine Storm\" relevant to COVID-19","volume":"180","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.140329","article-title":"Severe immunosuppression and not a cytokine storm characterizes COVID-19 infections","volume":"5","author":"Remy","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17052","article-title":"Cytokine levels in critically Ill patients with COVID-19 and other conditions","volume":"324","author":"Kox","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30404-5","article-title":"Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes","volume":"8","author":"Leisman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.017","article-title":"Heightened innate immune responses in the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1747363","article-title":"Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0028","first-page":"151","article-title":"Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response in sepsis and SIRS","volume":"12","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endotoxin Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1694995","article-title":"Sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"46","author":"Iba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-948290","article-title":"The role of the coagulation cascade in the continuum of sepsis and acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Bastarache","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.11.141","article-title":"Lung injury induced by sepsis: lessons learned from large animal models and future directions for treatment","volume":"9","author":"Sadowitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0148-4","article-title":"Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0034","article-title":"The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) directly decimates human spleens and lymph nodes","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.07.009","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory response dominates after septic shock: association of low monocyte HLA-DR expression and high interleukin-10 concentration","volume":"95","author":"Monneret","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115493","article-title":"Dysregulation of in vitro cytokine production by monocytes during sepsis","volume":"88","author":"Munoz","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24249","article-title":"Monocyte HLA-DR measurement by flow cytometry in COVID-19 patients: an interim review","volume":"97","author":"Benlyamani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1684","article-title":"The yin and yang of type I interferon activity in bacterial infection","volume":"5","author":"Decker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402794","article-title":"Interfering with immunity: detrimental role of type I IFNs during infection","volume":"194","author":"Stifter","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.005","article-title":"Retrospective multicenter cohort study shows early interferon therapy is associated with favorable clinical responses in COVID-19 patients","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0042","first-page":"e13746","article-title":"Assessment and characterisation of post-COVID-19 manifestations","author":"Kamal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10128","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201810128","article-title":"Sepsis therapies: learning from 30 years of failure of translational research to propose new leads","volume":"12","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1038\/10512","article-title":"Protective effects of C5a blockade in sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Czermak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7836","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2600-6","article-title":"Association of COVID-19 inflammation with activation of the C5a-C5aR1 axis","volume":"588","author":"Carvelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.5.1666","article-title":"Evidence for IFN-gamma as a mediator of the lethality of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"149","author":"Doherty","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.025","article-title":"Synergism of TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 triggers inflammatory cell death, tissue damage, and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection and cytokine shock syndromes","volume":"184","author":"Karki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2003.11.025","article-title":"Development of an anti-core lipopolysaccharide vaccine for the prevention and treatment of sepsis","volume":"22","author":"Cross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.1.89","article-title":"Assessment of ability of murine and human anti-lipid A monoclonal antibodies to bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide","volume":"177","author":"Warren","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101521","article-title":"Vaccines against Meningococcal Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Pizza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.302","article-title":"Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type B disease at the beginning of the 21st century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates","volume":"13","author":"Peltola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0052","unstructured":"Oeuvres de Pasteur. (Tome 6) r\u00e9unies par Pasteur Vallery-Radot. Paris: Masson et Cie; 1933."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0053","series-title":"Rapport sur les essais de vaccination chol\u00e9rique entrepris en espagne par M. le docteur ferran","author":"Brouardel","year":"1885"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0054","article-title":"Review of: \u201cHydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial Gautret et\u00a0al. 2010","volume":"56","author":"Rosendaal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106056","article-title":"Reply to Gautret et\u00a0al.: hydroxychloroquine sulfate and azithromycin for COVID-19: what is the evidence and what are the risks","volume":"56","author":"Machiels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.08.022","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fiolet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-20-2022","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for treatment of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Ebina-Shibuya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0058","first-page":"740","article-title":"Inoculation de vaccins antichol\u00e9riques \u00e0 l'homme","volume":"4","author":"Haffkine","year":"1892","journal-title":"CR Soc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1654.569","article-title":"Remarks on Haffkine's method of protective inoculation against cholera","volume":"2","author":"Hankin","year":"1892","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1902.1461","article-title":"Remarks on the plague prophylactic fluid","volume":"1","author":"Haffkine","year":"1897","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1088-9","article-title":"Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033700","article-title":"Early high-titer plasma therapy to prevent severe COVID-19 in older adults","volume":"384","author":"Libster","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3939","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3939","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate COVID-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID Trial)","volume":"371","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031304","article-title":"A randomized trial of convalescent plasma in COVID-19 severe pneumonia","volume":"384","author":"Simonovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6515","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4585","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","article-title":"Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19","volume":"370","author":"Bastard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2029849","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in outpatients with COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2033130","article-title":"A neutralizing monoclonal antibody for hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Lundgren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102185","article-title":"Anti-CD20 and COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis and related disorders: a case series of 60 patients from Madrid, Spain","volume":"42","author":"Montero-Escribano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.06.010","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of intravenous immunoglobulin dosing on mortality in patients with sepsis: a network meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-019-0501-3","article-title":"The clinical efficacy of intravenous IgM-enriched immunoglobulin (pentaglobin) in sepsis or septic shock: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2014.00224","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin with enhanced polyspecificity improves survival in experimental sepsis and aseptic systemic inflammatory response syndromes","volume":"21","author":"Djoumerska-Alexieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0321-6","article-title":"The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.090","article-title":"Antibody-dependent SARS coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-00789-5","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00828-7","article-title":"Proinflammatory IgG Fc structures in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"22","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20202617","article-title":"Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"218","author":"Le Bert","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0079","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of T cell immunodominance and immunoprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in COVID-19 cases","volume":"2","author":"Tarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102214","article-title":"Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccine against the B.1.351 variant","author":"Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35421","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035421","article-title":"Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus","volume":"7","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0082","unstructured":"Available from: https:\/\/vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io\/ncov_vaccine_landscape\/. Accessed on."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0746-0","article-title":"Next-generation vaccine platforms for COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"van Riel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.47987","article-title":"COVID-19: progress in diagnostics, therapy and vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4278","article-title":"mRNA-based therapeutics \u2013 Developing a new class of drugs","volume":"13","author":"Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230749","article-title":"Induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo by liposome-entrapped mRNA","volume":"23","author":"Martinon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.06.008","article-title":"Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA","volume":"23","author":"Karik\u00f3","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2008.200","article-title":"Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability","volume":"16","author":"Karik\u00f3","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20171450","article-title":"Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses","volume":"215","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12689","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110729200","article-title":"Extracellular mRNA induces dendritic cell activation by stimulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion and signaling through a nucleotide receptor","volume":"277","author":"Ni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.07.019","article-title":"A single immunization with nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines elicits strong cellular and humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 in mice","volume":"53","author":"Laczk\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2814-7","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and T(H)1 T cell responses","volume":"586","author":"Sahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness","volume":"586","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine","volume":"384","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2608-y","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques","volume":"586","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10249","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Folegatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10269","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK","volume":"397","author":"Voysey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2607-z","article-title":"Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","volume":"586","author":"Mercado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034201","article-title":"Interim results of a phase 1-2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine","author":"Sadoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10275","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00234-8","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia","volume":"397","author":"Logunov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10249","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31605-6","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"396","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30831-8","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"21","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2599-8","article-title":"A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity","volume":"586","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32657","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014468117","article-title":"A highly immunogenic and effective measles virus-based Th1-biased COVID-19 vaccine","volume":"117","author":"H\u00f6rner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"577","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd2223","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd2223","article-title":"IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"Sterlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.12.010","article-title":"Intranasal vaccination with a lentiviral vector protects against SARS-CoV-2 in preclinical animal models","volume":"29","author":"Ku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030378","article-title":"Significantly improved COVID-19 outcomes in countries with higher BCG vaccination coverage: a multivariable analysis","volume":"8","author":"Klinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0109","article-title":"Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"1","author":"Moorlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0110","article-title":"BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden","author":"de Chaisemartin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75491-x","article-title":"Protection against SARS-CoV-2 by BCG vaccination is not supported by epidemiological analyses","volume":"10","author":"Hensel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240203","article-title":"BCG epidemiology supports its protection against COVID-19? A word of caution","volume":"15","author":"Szigeti","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/001339a0","article-title":"On haze and dust","volume":"1","author":"Tyndall","year":"1870","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.024","article-title":"The role of community-wide wearing of face mask for control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic due to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"81","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0697-7","article-title":"Whither COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"38","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib0116","unstructured":"IPSOS, 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/en-us\/news-polls\/WEF-covid-vaccine-global."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103291","article-title":"Bridging animal and clinical research during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A new-old challenge","volume":"66","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003_bib118","article-title":"Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intensive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667100X21000128?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667100X21000128?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T08:59:24Z","timestamp":1763024364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667100X21000128"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667100X21000128"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-100X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-100X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"COVID-19 and earlier pandemics, sepsis, and vaccines: A historical perspective","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Intensive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2021.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Chinese Medical Association. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}