{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T19:29:53Z","timestamp":1792956593430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004571","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Affaires Sociales et de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P070128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P070128"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intensive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T09:58:32Z","timestamp":1758621512000},"page":"304-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Corticosteroids in sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jihene","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Alice","family":"Bovy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Heming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djillali","family":"Annane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00134-4","article-title":"WHO global research priorities for antimicrobial resistance in human health","volume":"5","author":"Bertagnolio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"10369","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10219","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990\u20132017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34290","article-title":"Epidemiology and costs of postsepsis morbidity, nursing care dependency, and mortality in Germany, 2013\u20132017","volume":"4","author":"Fleischmann-Struzek","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30341-2","article-title":"Hospital outcomes for children with severe sepsis in the USA by race or ethnicity and insurance status: a population-based, retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003842","article-title":"Racial inequities in sepsis mortality among children in the United States","volume":"42","author":"Moorthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004123","article-title":"Trajectory of mortality and health-related quality of life morbidity following community-acquired pediatric septic shock","volume":"48","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30113-5","article-title":"Life-threatening infections in children in Europe (the EUCLIDS Project): a prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Martin\u00f3n-Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1063","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005337","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2021","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0011","article-title":"Impact of 1-h and 3-h sepsis time bundles on patient outcomes and antimicrobial use: a before and after cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705716","article-title":"Hydrocortisone plus fludrocortisone for adults with septic shock","volume":"378","author":"Annane","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021436","article-title":"Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"RECOVERY Collaborative Group","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004000","article-title":"Which multicenter randomized controlled trials in critical care medicine have shown reduced mortality? A systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Santacruz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.10.012","article-title":"The immunology of sepsis","volume":"54","author":"van der Poll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0016","first-page":"151","article-title":"Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response in sepsis and SIRS","volume":"12","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endotoxin Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2017.04.003","article-title":"Treatable traits and therapeutic targets: goals for systems biology in infectious disease","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Syst Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01843-x","article-title":"Redefining critical illness","volume":"28","author":"Maslove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-225371","article-title":"Journey through discovery of 75 years glucocorticoids: evolution of our knowledge of glucocorticoid receptor mechanisms in rheumatic diseases","volume":"83","author":"Eiers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606774113","article-title":"DNA binding triggers tetramerization of the glucocorticoid receptor in live cells","volume":"113","author":"Presman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-022-00914-4","article-title":"Quaternary glucocorticoid receptor structure highlights allosteric interdomain communication","volume":"30","author":"Postel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060336","article-title":"Antiinflammatory effects of dexamethasone are partly dependent on induction of dual specificity phosphatase 1","volume":"203","author":"Abraham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2470","article-title":"Annexin A1 and glucocorticoids as effectors of the resolution of inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Perretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37858","article-title":"Divergent effects of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in animal models of inflammation and arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.012","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory chromatinscape suggests alternative mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor action","volume":"47","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116063","article-title":"Non-genomic actions of steroid hormones on the contractility of non-vascular smooth muscles","volume":"222","author":"Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180595","article-title":"Immune regulation by glucocorticoids can be linked to cell type-dependent transcriptional responses","volume":"216","author":"Franco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0371-y","article-title":"Therapeutic glucocorticoids: mechanisms of actions in rheumatic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Hardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00486-7","article-title":"Transcriptional control of energy metabolism by nuclear receptors","volume":"23","author":"Scholtes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14474","article-title":"Novel insights into the regulation of cellular catabolic metabolism in macrophages through nuclear receptors","volume":"596","author":"Stifel","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"8010","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07282-7","article-title":"Metabolic rewiring promotes anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids","volume":"629","author":"Auger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196610000-00004","article-title":"Structural analogue in vascular muscle to the functional disorder in refractory traumatic shock and reversal by corticosteroid: electron microscopic evaluation","volume":"164","author":"Ashford","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0033","first-page":"311","article-title":"Comparative study of anti-endotoxic potency of dexamethasone based on its different ester types","volume":"6","author":"Imai","year":"1979","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0034","first-page":"511","article-title":"A primate model for prolonged endotoxin shock. Blood-vascular reactions and effects of glucocorticoid treatment","volume":"38","author":"Balis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0035","first-page":"55","article-title":"Glucocorticoid and antibiotic effects on hepatic microcirculation and associated host responses in lethal gram-negative bacteremia","volume":"40","author":"Balis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.11.2468","article-title":"Methylprednisolone and gentamicin effects on hepatosplanchnic blood flow and carbohydrate metabolism in endotoxemic Yucatan miniature pigs","volume":"47","author":"Fettman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198610000-00012","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroid prophylaxis on lipopolysaccharide levels associated with intestinal ischemia in cats","volume":"14","author":"Gaffin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0038","first-page":"361","article-title":"Methylprednisolone in the prevention of cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic disorders during endotoxin shock in the dog","volume":"148","author":"Jr","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0039","first-page":"73","article-title":"Effects of high-dose corticosteroids on the pulmonary circulation","volume":"526","author":"Vaage","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200405000-00014","article-title":"Low-dose dexamethasone ameliorates circulatory failure and renal dysfunction in conscious rats with endotoxemia","volume":"21","author":"Tsao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0041","first-page":"205","article-title":"Effects of methylprednisolone on renal nerve response to stimulation of medullary pressor area in endotoxin-induced hypotension","volume":"20","author":"Koyama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1977.tb07524.x","article-title":"Feline endotoxin shock: effects of methylprednisolone on kininogen-depletion, on the pulmonary circulation and on survival","volume":"60","author":"Al-Kaisi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1984.01390210025007","article-title":"Steroid effect on capillary permeability in gram-negative septic shock. Evaluation by vitreous fluorophotometry","volume":"119","author":"Tom","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)80068-3","article-title":"Dexamethasone prevents the induction by endotoxin of a nitric oxide synthase and the associated effects on vascular tone: an insight into endotoxin shock","volume":"173","author":"Rees","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)81042-M","article-title":"Enhanced expression of group II phospholipase A2 gene in the tissues of endotoxin shock rats and its suppression by glucocorticoid","volume":"273","author":"Nakano","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"1338","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1993.0108","article-title":"Inhibition of the production of nitric oxide and vasodilator prostaglandins attenuates the cardiovascular response to bacterial endotoxin in adrenalectomized rats","volume":"253","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199609000-00017","article-title":"Increased concentrations of endothelin-1 messenger RNA in tissues and endothelin-1 peptide in plasma in septic pigs: modulation by betamethasone","volume":"24","author":"Hems\u00e9n","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705406","article-title":"Dexamethasone improves vascular hyporeactivity induced by LPS in vivo by modulating ATP-sensitive potassium channels activity","volume":"140","author":"d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181994752","article-title":"Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity prevents downregulation of alpha1-adrenergic receptors and circulatory failure during CLP-induced sepsis","volume":"32","author":"Schmidt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PL181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(98)00049-6","article-title":"Glucocorticoid regulation of adrenomedullin in a rat model of endotoxic shock","volume":"62","author":"Hattori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1196","article-title":"Dexamethasone induces rapid promotion of norepinephrinemediated vascular smooth muscle cell contraction","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.029","article-title":"Rapid permissive action of dexamethasone on the regulation of blood pressure in a rat model of septic shock","volume":"84","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0053","first-page":"11","article-title":"Influence of methylprednisolone on reticuloendothelial phagocytic and opsonic function during traumatic and septic shock","volume":"4","author":"Kaplan","year":"1980","journal-title":"Adv Shock Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.06.1103","article-title":"In vitro effects of prednisolone sodium succinate and Escherichia coli organisms on neutrophil survival, glucose utilization, and E coli clearance in canine blood","volume":"43","author":"White","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.167.5.1708","article-title":"Adrenalectomy sensitizes mice to the lethal effects of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor","volume":"167","author":"Bertini","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0056","first-page":"395","article-title":"In vivo biologic and immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin-1 alpha, beta and tumor necrosis factor during experimental endotoxemia. Kinetics, Kupffer cell expression, and glucocorticoid effects","volume":"138","author":"Chensue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"8B","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00610.x","article-title":"Dexamethasone inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced hydrogen sulphide biosynthesis in intact cells and in an animal model of endotoxic shock","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114420108","article-title":"Tumor suppressor protein(p)53, is a regulator of NF-kappaB repression by the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"108","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.05.042","article-title":"Glucocorticoids attenuate septic acute kidney injury","volume":"435","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.02.002","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced inhibition of transcription of tlr4 in vitro is reversed by dexamethasone and correlates with presence of conserved NF\u03baB binding sites","volume":"432","author":"Bonin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002269","article-title":"Suppression of dendritic cell-derived IL-12 by endogenous glucocorticoids is protective in LPS-induced sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0062","first-page":"195","article-title":"Prevention or amelioration of morphologic lesions in LD100 E coli-shocked baboons with steroid\/antibiotic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Archer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv Shock Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318188d198","article-title":"Low-dose dexamethasone-supplemented fluid resuscitation reverses endotoxin-induced acute renal failure and prevents cortical microvascular hypoxia","volume":"31","author":"Johannes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)63996-3","article-title":"The benefits of corticosteroids in endotoxic shock","volume":"19","author":"Prager","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0065","first-page":"291","article-title":"Survival of primates in lethal septic shock following delayed treatment with steroid","volume":"8","author":"Hinshaw","year":"1981","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"issue":"6544","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/377068a0","article-title":"MIF as a glucocorticoid-induced modulator of cytokine production","volume":"377","author":"Calandra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111178","article-title":"Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) inhibits steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cell by macrophage-derived exosomes in lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock","volume":"525","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001233","article-title":"Consequences of the lack of IL-10 in different endotoxin effects and its relationship with glucocorticoids","volume":"52","author":"MO","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948278","article-title":"Overexpression of GILZ in macrophages limits systemic inflammation while increasing bacterial clearance in sepsis in mice","volume":"50","author":"Ellouze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210200110","article-title":"Endothelial glucocorticoid receptor is required for protection against sepsis","volume":"110","author":"Goodwin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e954","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002462","article-title":"Aldosterone and vascular mineralocorticoid receptors in murine endotoxic and human septic shock","volume":"45","author":"Fadel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.3.490","article-title":"Local venous responses to endotoxin in humans","volume":"94","author":"Bhagat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.9.3042","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines impair endothelium-dependent dilatation in human veins in vivo","volume":"96","author":"Bhagat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2000.109354","article-title":"Effect of hydrocortisone on phenylephrine\u2013mean arterial pressure dose-response relationship in septic shock","volume":"68","author":"Bellissant","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1998.00833.x","article-title":"Impaired pressor sensitivity to noradrenaline in septic shock patients with and without impaired adrenal function reserve","volume":"46","author":"Annane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199804000-00010","article-title":"Reversal of late septic shock with supraphysiologic doses of hydrocortisone","volume":"26","author":"Bollaert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.7.862","article-title":"Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock","volume":"288","author":"Annane","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa071366","article-title":"Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock","volume":"358","author":"Sprung","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705835","article-title":"Adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in patients with septic shock","volume":"378","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0080","article-title":"Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults","volume":"6","author":"Annane","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2215145","article-title":"Hydrocortisone in severe community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"388","author":"Dequin","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14799","article-title":"Effect of hydrocortisone on development of shock among patients with severe sepsis: the HYPRESS randomized clinical trial","volume":"316","author":"Keh","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181598a6a","article-title":"Effects of prednisolone on the systemic release of mediators of cell-mediated cytotoxicity during human endotoxemia","volume":"29","author":"de Kruif","year":"2008","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.09.005","article-title":"Differential dose-dependent effects of prednisolone on shedding of endothelial adhesion molecules during human endotoxemia","volume":"121","author":"Lemaire","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194723.78632.62","article-title":"Effect of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Annane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000186370.78639.23","article-title":"Low-dose hydrocortisone improves shock reversal and reduces cytokine levels in early hyperdynamic septic shock","volume":"33","author":"Oppert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200205-446OC","article-title":"Immunologic and hemodynamic effects of \"low-dose\" hydrocortisone in septic shock: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study","volume":"167","author":"Keh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2005.044","article-title":"Effect of stress doses of hydrocortisone on S-100B vs. interleukin-8 and polymorphonuclear elastase levels in human septic shock","volume":"43","author":"Mussack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.12279","article-title":"Hydrocortisone and risk factors for kidney replacement therapy in septic shock","volume":"8","author":"Donaldson","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0090","article-title":"Rapid uptake of adjunctive corticosteroids for critically ill adults with septic shock following publication of ADRENAL trial. A multicenter, retrospective analysis of prescribing practices in Queensland Intensive Care Units","volume":"43","author":"White","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.0258","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone vs hydrocortisone alone among patients with septic shock","volume":"183","author":"Bosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.2","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment and intensive insulin therapy for septic shock in adults: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Annane","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqaa242","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa242","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the brain after critical illness","volume":"162","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0094","first-page":"e1071","article-title":"Adverse effects related to corticosteroid use in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309392","article-title":"The effect of corticosteroids in developing active pulmonary tuberculosis among patients with COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"Praphakornmano","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e219","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006172","article-title":"2024 focused update: guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0097","article-title":"Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza","volume":"2","author":"Lansbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300034","article-title":"Patient-level meta-analysis of low-dose hydrocortisone in adults with septic shock","volume":"2","author":"Pirracchio","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13065","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral fludrocortisone in septic shock","volume":"82","author":"Polito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07616-z","article-title":"Fludrocortisone dose-response relationship in septic shock: a randomised phase II trial","volume":"50","author":"Walsham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04224-5","article-title":"Corticotropin-stimulated steroid profiles to predict shock development and mortality in sepsis: from the HYPRESS study","volume":"26","author":"Briegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.607217","article-title":"Use of IFN\u03b3\/IL10 ratio for stratification of hydrocortisone therapy in patients with septic shock","volume":"12","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29050","article-title":"Rapid Recognition of Corticosteroid Resistant or Sensitive Sepsis (RECORDS) Collaborators. Assessment of machine learning to estimate the individual treatment effect of corticosteroids in septic shock","volume":"3","author":"Pirracchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2024.108017","article-title":"Corticosteroid sensitivity detection in sepsis patients using a personalized data mining approach: a clinical investigation","volume":"245","author":"Hellali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001833","article-title":"Combining prognostic and predictive enrichment strategies to identify children with septic shock responsive to corticosteroids","volume":"44","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1419OC","article-title":"Transcriptomic signatures in sepsis and a differential response to steroids. From the VANISH randomized trial","volume":"199","author":"Antcliffe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intensive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667100X2500060X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667100X2500060X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T18:05:44Z","timestamp":1773165944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667100X2500060X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667100X2500060X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-100X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-100X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Corticosteroids in sepsis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Intensive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Medical Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}