{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:37:18Z","timestamp":1792442238541,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/210.338\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.338\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0306599\/2023-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0306599\/2023-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Intensive Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T04:44:38Z","timestamp":1769661878000},"page":"229-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0159-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Merola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia R.M.","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito Marco","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6895-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Battaglini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0001","first-page":"2526","article-title":"ARDS Definition Task Force. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0002","first-page":"50","article-title":"Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome: myth or reality?","volume":"14","author":"Rocco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"10358","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01439-8","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults: diagnosis, outcomes, long-term sequelae, and management","volume":"400","author":"Gorman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10058","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00578-X","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"388","author":"Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02233-0","article-title":"Personalized medicine using omics approaches in acute respiratory distress syndrome to identify biological phenotypes","volume":"23","author":"Battaglini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure","volume":"17","author":"Del Sorbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.4.1062","article-title":"Persistent elevation of inflammatory cytokines predicts a poor outcome in ARDS. Plasma IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels are consistent and efficient predictors of outcome over time","volume":"107","author":"Meduri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.5.8173748","article-title":"Loss of compartmentalization of alveolar tumor necrosis factor after lung injury","volume":"149","author":"Tutor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9803046","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation affects local and systemic cytokines in an animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"160","author":"Chiumello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01588-y","article-title":"Specific cytokines in the inflammatory cytokine storm of patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary multiple-organ dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0011","first-page":"1216","article-title":"Cytokine storm of graft-versus-host disease: a critical effector role for interleukin-1","volume":"25","author":"Ferrara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-019-08740-1","article-title":"The innate part of the adaptive immune system","volume":"58","author":"Hillion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.732197","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers auto-immune response in ARDS","volume":"13","author":"Juanes-Velasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01814-1","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions","volume":"19","author":"Montazersaheb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70097-9","article-title":"NHLBI ARDS Network. Subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: latent class analysis of data from two randomised controlled trials","volume":"2","author":"Calfee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201603-0645OC","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes respond differently to randomized fluid management strategy","volume":"195","author":"Famous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5378-3","article-title":"Calfee CS; NHLBI ARDS Network. Latent class analysis of ARDS subphenotypes: a secondary analysis of the statins for acutely injured lungs from sepsis (SAILS) study","volume":"44","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-211090","article-title":"Calfee CS; ARDS Network. Stability of ARDS subphenotypes over time in two randomised controlled trials","volume":"73","author":"Delucchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30177-2","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome subphenotypes and differential response to simvastatin: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Calfee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209719","article-title":"Identification and validation of distinct biological phenotypes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome by cluster analysis","volume":"72","author":"Bos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30366-0","article-title":"Prevalence of phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a prospective observational study","volume":"8","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3313","article-title":"Calfee CS. Is a ``cytokine storm'' relevant to COVID-19?","volume":"180","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041381","article-title":"Challenges in ARDS definition, management, and identification of effective personalized therapies","volume":"12","author":"Battaglini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0026","article-title":"Progress in cytokine research for ARDS: a comprehensive review","volume":"19","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Med (Wars)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00071","article-title":"Regulation of the NF-\u03bab-mediated transcription of inflammatory genes","volume":"5","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02178-y","article-title":"Deep insight into cytokine storm: from pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"10","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153712","article-title":"Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders","volume":"91","author":"Megha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100322","article-title":"Novel lipid mediators and resolution mechanisms in acute inflammation: to resolve or not?","volume":"177","author":"Serhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-025-05291-0","article-title":"A narrative review on the future of ARDS: evolving definitions, pathophysiology, and tailored management","volume":"29","author":"Al-Husinat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1915129","article-title":"Cytokine storm associated coagulation complications in COVID-19 patients: pathogenesis and management","volume":"19","author":"Savla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1013933","article-title":"New insight into neurological degeneration: inflammatory cytokines and blood-brain barrier","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358","article-title":"Microglia function in the central nervous system during health and neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Colonna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte crosstalk in CNS inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-023-00618-w","article-title":"Mechanism of COVID-19-induced cardiac damage from patient, in vitro and animal studies","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Heart Fail Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2016.1208220","article-title":"Cytokine effects on mechano-induced electrical activity in atrial myocardium","volume":"46","author":"Kazanski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.275867","article-title":"Inflame on!: mitochondrial escape provokes cytokine storms that doom the heart","volume":"111","author":"Dorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.11.024","article-title":"Arrhythmias in myocarditis: state of the art","volume":"16","author":"Peretto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0040","first-page":"382","article-title":"Mechanical effect of lung distention with positive pressure on cardiac function","volume":"124","author":"Marini","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2025.104454","article-title":"Revisiting acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilation management: time for a paradigm shift focusing on tidal volume","volume":"336","author":"Merola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1478514","article-title":"Heart-lung crosstalk in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Rocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0043","article-title":"Bone marrow alterations in COVID-19 infection: the root of hematological problems","volume":"71","author":"Zeylabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Res Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e459","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00077-2","article-title":"Immune effector cell-associated haematotoxicity after CAR T-cell therapy: from mechanism to management","volume":"11","author":"Rejeski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-780882","article-title":"Inflammation: a key regulator of hematopoietic stem cell fate in health and disease","volume":"130","author":"Pietras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-021-01520-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of COVID-19-induced kidney injury and current pharmacotherapies","volume":"71","author":"Faour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7137900","article-title":"Potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying multiple organ dysfunction in cytokine release syndrome","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102527","article-title":"Induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression by IL-17 in human vascular endothelial cells: implications for vascular remodeling in transplant vasculopathy","volume":"188","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L452","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00378.2002","article-title":"TNF-alpha induces a decrease in eNOS promoter activity","volume":"286","author":"Neumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00511.x","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory role in renal disease","volume":"3","author":"Imig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.04.024","article-title":"Cardio-pulmonary-renal interactions: a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"65","author":"Husain-Syed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3984","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i26.3984","article-title":"Acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156347","article-title":"Role of inflammasomes and cytokines in immune dysfunction of liver cirrhosis","volume":"170","author":"Pratim Das","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.004","article-title":"IL-6 pathway in the liver: from physiopathology to therapy","volume":"64","author":"Schmidt-Arras","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007208","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation and its immune mechanisms","volume":"139","author":"Popescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1189\/JLB.0309135","article-title":"Liver natural killer and natural killer T cells: immunobiology and emerging roles in liver diseases","volume":"86","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00910-2","article-title":"TNF in the liver: targeting a central player in inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Tiegs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3910","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14113910","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury: the unseen challenge in acute respiratory distress syndrome management","volume":"14","author":"Merola","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00115-8","article-title":"DIOS investigators. Defining and subphenotyping ARDS: insights from an international Delphi expert panel","volume":"13","author":"Nasa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004128","article-title":"Data driven analysis reveals shared transcriptome response, immune cell composition, and distinct mortality rates across differing etiologies of critical illness","volume":"48","author":"Zador","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201809-1808OC","article-title":"Understanding heterogeneity in biologic phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome by leukocyte expression profiles","volume":"200","author":"Bos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2024.2374461","article-title":"An update on the pharmacological management of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Battaglini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Brower","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032193","article-title":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ARDS Clinical Trials Network. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"351","author":"Brower","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119259","article-title":"Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model","volume":"99","author":"Tremblay","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.1.54","article-title":"Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"282","author":"Ranieri","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2023.2288080","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Battaglini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201102-0345ED","article-title":"Pro: the illegitimate crusade against corticosteroids for severe H1N1 pneumonia","volume":"183","author":"Annane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01373.x","article-title":"Differential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of dexamethasone and N-acetylcysteine in endotoxin-induced lung inflammation","volume":"122","author":"Rocks\u00e9n","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-022-02148-y","article-title":"Effects of different doses of methylprednisolone therapy on acute respiratory distress syndrome: results from animal and clinical studies","volume":"22","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.2.159","article-title":"Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"280","author":"Meduri","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000194723.78632.62","article-title":"Effect of low doses of corticosteroids in septic shock patients with or without early acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Annane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","article-title":"Dexamethasone in ARDS network. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Villar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00510-y","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment for early acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"8","author":"Hirano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202311-2011ST","article-title":"An update on management of adult patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: an official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"209","author":"Qadir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30127-2","article-title":"Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Cavalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00081-3","article-title":"Tocilizumab plus standard care versus standard care in patients in India with moderate to severe COVID-19-associated cytokine release syndrome (COVINTOC): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"9","author":"Soin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"10285","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00676-0","article-title":"Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"397","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100433","article-title":"REMAP-CAP investigators. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically ill patients with Covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Gordon","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11330","article-title":"Association between administration of IL-6 antagonists and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: a meta-analysis","volume":"326","author":"Shankar-Hari","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200590","article-title":"Selective inhibition of intra-alveolar p55 TNF receptor attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"67","author":"Bertok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520360048038","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNF-alpha MAb Sepsis Study Group","volume":"273","author":"Abraham","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9107","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)60602-2","article-title":"Double-blind randomised controlled trial of monoclonal antibody to human tumour necrosis factor in treatment of septic shock. NORASEPT II Study Group","volume":"351","author":"Abraham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49713","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11488","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714267114","article-title":"Macrophage-like nanoparticles concurrently absorbing endotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines for sepsis management","volume":"114","author":"Thamphiwatana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05220-7","article-title":"Use of extracorporeal blood purification therapies in sepsis: the current paradigm, available evidence, and future perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Bottari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318170b9a7","article-title":"Effects of hemoadsorption on cytokine removal and short-term survival in septic rats","volume":"36","author":"Peng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00177-6","article-title":"Cytokine adsorption in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (CYCOV): a single centre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Supady","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0089","first-page":"122","article-title":"Cell-based therapies for the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Maron-Gutierrez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.600711","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles in lung diseases: current status and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Abreu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00858-2020","article-title":"Current status of cell-based therapies for respiratory virus infections: applicability to COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Khoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202311-2046CP","article-title":"Cell-based therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome: where are we now?","volume":"209","author":"Curley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30418-1","article-title":"Treatment with allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (START study): a randomised phase 2a safety trial","volume":"7","author":"Matthay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06570-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of multipotent adult progenitor cells in acute respiratory distress syndrome (MUST-ARDS): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"48","author":"Bellingan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0095","article-title":"Treatment with allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells for moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, phase 2b clinical trial (STAT)","author":"Matthay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.04.074","article-title":"GMP-compliant extracellular vesicles derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells: manufacturing and pre-clinical evaluation in ARDS treatment","volume":"26","author":"Costa-Ferro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03402-8","article-title":"Allogenic mesenchymal stromal cells and their extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 induced ARDS: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Zarrabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03174-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome-educated macrophages alleviate systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting efferocytosis and recruitment of IL-17+ regulatory T cell","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.08.002","article-title":"Redefining ARDS phenotypes: challenges in the precision medicine era","volume":"5","author":"Merola","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Intensive Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Intensive Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667100X25000945?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2667100X25000945?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T19:57:54Z","timestamp":1779047874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2667100X25000945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2667100X25000945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2667-100X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2667-100X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cytokine storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Intensive Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jointm.2025.12.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Medical Association.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}