{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:30:34Z","timestamp":1766050234212,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","jopan.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T21:08:59Z","timestamp":1672780139000},"page":"454-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiorespiratory Response to Sedative Premedication in Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Midazolam, Clonidine, and Dexmedetomidine"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4585-8786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Bromfalk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2935-7161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Hultin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8171-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Walld\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8802-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomi","family":"Myrberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12090","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia","volume":"23","author":"Chandler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200107000-00022","article-title":"The management of preoperative anxiety in children: an update","volume":"93","author":"McCann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pediatric perioperative stress responses and anesthesia","volume":"2","author":"Yuki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Perioper Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13747","article-title":"Efficacy of oral midazolam for minimal and moderate sedation in pediatric patients: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Manso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169525","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine versus Midazolam in procedural sedation. A systematic review of efficacy and safety","volume":"12","author":"Barends","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2007.02332.x","article-title":"Premedication in children: a comparison of oral midazolam and oral clonidine","volume":"17","author":"Almenrader","year":"2007","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.00940.x","article-title":"Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia: review of the literature and comparison with benzodiazepines for premedication","volume":"50","author":"Bergendahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12025","article-title":"Comparison of buccal and nasal dexmedetomidine premedication for pediatric patients","volume":"23","author":"Cimen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00016","article-title":"The effects of increasing plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine in humans","volume":"93","author":"Ebert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14279","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety in preschool children: a randomized clinical trial comparing midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine","volume":"31","author":"Bromfalk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5920.656","article-title":"Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone","volume":"2","author":"Ramsay","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01975.x","article-title":"Value of bispectral index monitor in differentiating between moderate and deep Ramsay Sedation Scores in children","volume":"16","author":"Mason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-8180(95)00130-A","article-title":"A post-anesthetic discharge scoring system for home readiness after ambulatory surgery","volume":"7","author":"Chung","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307079","article-title":"Validity and reliability of measurement of capillary refill time in children: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S164106","article-title":"Recovery characteristics of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus sevoflurane anesthesia: a prospective randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Kocaturk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001236","article-title":"Sedation with dexmedetomidine or propofol impairs hypoxic control of breathing in healthy male volunteers: a nonblinded, randomized crossover study","volume":"125","author":"Lodenius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200101000-00011","article-title":"A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient","volume":"92","author":"Fazi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_123_18","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of clonidine and dexmedetomidine for attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation: a randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.23736\/S0375-9393.19.14022-9","article-title":"Propofol use in children: updates and controversies","volume":"86","author":"Zeeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31820fcc3e","article-title":"Interactions of midazolam and propofol on alpha1beta2gamma2L and alpha1beta2gamma2S gamma aminobutyric acid type A receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney cells","volume":"112","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_20_18","article-title":"A comparison of oral dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam as premedicants in children","volume":"35","author":"Sajid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei172","article-title":"Effect of clonidine pre-medication on propofol requirements during lower extremity vascular surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Morris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1999.00379.x","article-title":"Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia","volume":"9","author":"Nishina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1002-y","article-title":"Bioavailability of dexmedetomidine after intranasal administration","volume":"67","author":"Iirola","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.194586","article-title":"Comparison of oral clonidine, oral dexmedetomidine, and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery","volume":"11","author":"Kumari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009_bib0026","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal exmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"}],"container-title":["Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108994722200452X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S108994722200452X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:22:02Z","timestamp":1761070922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S108994722200452X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S108994722200452X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-9472"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1089-9472"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiorespiratory Response to Sedative Premedication in Preschool Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Midazolam, Clonidine, and Dexmedetomidine","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.08.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}