{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:08:22Z","timestamp":1789139302847,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,31]],"date-time":"2015-01-31T08:36:27Z","timestamp":1422693387000},"page":"S51-S61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["The healing stages of an intramedullary implanted tibia: A stress strain comparative analysis of the calcification process"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Filardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19900401-08","article-title":"Disability following fractures of the tibial shaft","volume":"13","author":"Horne","year":"1990","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B1.1991783","article-title":"Conservative management or closed nailing for tibial shaft fractures. A randomised prospective trial","volume":"73","author":"Hooper","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib3","first-page":"204","article-title":"The new unreamed AO nails for the tibia and the femur","volume":"61","author":"Haas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(95)99799-8","article-title":"Effect of dynamization on gap healing of diaphyseal fractures under external fixation","volume":"10","author":"Claes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib5","series-title":"Bone","first-page":"37","article-title":"Influence of mechanical factors on bone formations, resorption and growth in\u00a0vitro","author":"Burger","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B4.4030869","article-title":"The influence of induced micro-movement upon the healing of experimental tibial fractures","volume":"67-B","author":"Goodship","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.73B4.2071654","article-title":"Axial movement and tibial fractures. A controlled randomized trial of treatment","volume":"73-B","author":"Kenwright","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.87B3.14353","article-title":"Primary stability of various forms of osteosynthesis in the treatment of fractures of the proximal tibia","volume":"87","author":"Mueller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s004230000137","article-title":"The unreamed tibia nail. Multicenter study of the ao\/asif. Osteosynthes fragen\/association for the study of internal fixation","volume":"385","author":"Markmiller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199410000-00002","article-title":"Cortical bone blood flow in reamed and unreamed locked intra medullary nailing: a fractured tibia model in sheep","volume":"8","author":"Schemitsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00636168","article-title":"Reaming versus nonreaming in medullary nailing: interference with cortical circulation of the canine tibia","volume":"109","author":"Klein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(95)00150-6","article-title":"Unreamed intra medullary tibial nailing-fatigue of locking bolts","volume":"27","author":"Boenisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.78B4.0780580","article-title":"Reamed or unreamed nailing for closed tibial fractures. A prospective study in t scherne c1 fractures","volume":"78-B","author":"Court-Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)84505-8","article-title":"A uniform strain criterion for trabecular bone adaptation: do continuum-level strain gradients drive adaptation?","volume":"30","author":"Turner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199801000-00002","article-title":"Geometrical properties and torsional fatigue life of a tibial interlocking intramedullary nail segment","volume":"12","author":"Lewis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199601000-00006","article-title":"Biomechanical study of nine different tibia locking nails","volume":"10","author":"Schandelmaier","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19970101-11","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis of nonreamed tibial intra-medullary nailing after simulated transverse fracture and fibulectomy","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib18","first-page":"129","article-title":"Mechanical failures of intra-medullary tibial nails applied without reaming","volume":"315","author":"Hutson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199705000-00002","article-title":"Interlocking intramedullary nailing with and without reaming for the\u00a0treatment of closed fractures of the tibial shaft. A\u00a0prospective, randomized study","volume":"79-A","author":"Blachut","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib20","first-page":"25","article-title":"Radiographic analysis of tibial fracture malalignment following intra-medullary nailing","volume":"315","author":"Freedman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199404000-00014","article-title":"Intraarticular contact stresses with simulated ankle malunions","volume":"8","author":"Vrahas","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0019","article-title":"Geometric properties of the fractured tibia stabilized by unreamed interlocking nail: development of a three-dimensional finite element model","volume":"29","author":"Raunest","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comp Biomed Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00080-3","article-title":"Influence of muscle forces on femoral strain distribution","volume":"31","author":"Duda","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib24","first-page":"351","article-title":"Treatment of closed tibial fractures","volume":"85A","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200304000-00003","article-title":"Effect of fibular plate fixation on rotational stability of simulated distal tibial fractures treated with intra-medullary nailing","volume":"85A","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197153030-00007","article-title":"The weigh-bearing function of the fibula","volume":"53A","author":"Lambert","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-003-0671-5","article-title":"Biomechanical analysis for stress fractures of the anterior middle third of the tibia in athletes: nonlinear analysis using a three dimensional finite element method","volume":"8","author":"Sonoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib28","first-page":"449","article-title":"Therapie und Komplikations management bei Tibia-Schaftfrakturen in der Schweiz","volume":"275","author":"Goldhahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hrz Unfallchirug"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib29","first-page":"64","article-title":"Proximal third tibial shaft fractures. Should they be nailed?","volume":"315","author":"Lang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199801000-00001","article-title":"Treatment of type II, IIIA, and IIIB open fractures of the tibial shaft: a prospective comparison of unreamed interlocking intra-medullary nails and half-pin external fixators","volume":"12","author":"Henley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90040-4","article-title":"Axisymmetric finite element analysis of the lateral tibial plateau","volume":"11","author":"Hayes","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib32","article-title":"Stress schielding in the bony chain of leg in presence of varus or valgus knee","author":"Filardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2014.08.008","article-title":"FE analysis of stress and displacements occurring in the bony chain of leg","author":"Filardi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib34","first-page":"575","article-title":"Current status of surgical technique for unreamed nailing of tibial shaft fractures with the UTN (unreamed tibia nail)","volume":"97","author":"Krettek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(95)00228-6","article-title":"Intramedullary nail breakage in distal fractures of the tibia","volume":"27","author":"Hahn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.C.01135","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibial fractures","volume":"87-A","author":"Nork","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B5.7559711","article-title":"Distal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia with minimal involvement of the ankle","volume":"77-B","author":"Robinson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00237-2","article-title":"Mechanical boundary conditions of fracture healing: borderline indications in the treatment of unreamed tibial nailing","volume":"34","author":"Duda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0141-5425(82)90009-7","article-title":"Finite element-analysis and experimental investigation of stresses in a femur","volume":"4","author":"Rohlmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(72)90056-5","article-title":"On the mathematical analysis of stress in the human femur","volume":"5","author":"Rybicki","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Biomechanics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20308","article-title":"Computational comparison of reamed versus unreamed intramedullary tibial nails","volume":"25","author":"Gomez-Benito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199703000-00030","article-title":"Dynamic interfragmentary motion in fractures during routine patient activity","volume":"336","author":"Gardner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib43","first-page":"60","article-title":"Biomechanical studies of the role of the interfragmentary traction screw in plate osteosynthesis exemplified by a short oblique tibial shaft fracture","volume":"16","author":"Hopf","year":"1986","journal-title":"Aktuelle Traumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195537050-00013","article-title":"The biomechanics of fracture healing","volume":"37-A","author":"Yamagishi","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/1350-4533(95)00056-9","article-title":"The influence of external fixators on fracture motion during simulated walking","volume":"18","author":"Gardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000092993","article-title":"Closed and open grade I and II tibial shaft fractures treated by reamed intramedullary nailing","volume":"15","author":"Djahangiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-7515(24)00117-7","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of tibial pilon fractures","volume":"5","author":"Egol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bot.0000199118.61229.70","article-title":"Does fibular plating improve alignment after intramedullary nailing of distal metaphyseal tibia fractures?","volume":"20","author":"Egol","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198903000-00006","article-title":"Pylon fractures of the distal tibia","volume":"240","author":"Bourne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00152-8","article-title":"Material properties of interstitial lamellae reflect local strain environments","volume":"20","author":"Goodwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0972978X15000173?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0972978X15000173?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:12:09Z","timestamp":1789135929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jortho.org\/the-healing-stages-of-an-intramedullary-implanted-tibia-a-stress-strain-comparative-analysis-of-the-calcification-process\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S0972978X15000173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-978X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-978X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The healing stages of an intramedullary implanted tibia: A stress strain comparative analysis of the calcification process","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Orthopaedics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2015.01.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Prof. P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}